f
development, as from a _bona fide_ separation, the word solution seems
to be, on the whole, the best. It corresponds in application to the word
_liber_ (_calyx liber_, &c.), in general use by descriptive botanists.
As here employed, the term nearly corresponds with the "adesmie
heterologue" of Morren. Moquin Tandon does not make any special
subdivision for the class of cases here grouped together, but places
them all under "Disjonctions qui isolent les organes." It seems,
however, desirable to have a separate word to express the converse
condition of adhesion, and for this purpose the term solution, as above
stated, is here employed. Diagrammatically, the condition may be
expressed by placing a dotted line at the side of the letters thus:

: s s s s s :
: c c c c c :

would indicate the disjunction of the sepals from the carpels (c), in
contradistinction to adhesion, which may be represented by the unbroken
line thus:

| s s s s s |
| c c c c c |

=Solution of the calyx from the ovary.=--Of all the instances of
adhesion which take place under ordinary circumstances, that between the
calyx and the ovary is perhaps the most common. The _calyx adhaerens_ or
_superus_ is a structural characteristic to which all botanists attach
considerable importance; so that when exceptional cases occur in which
the calyx becomes detached from the ovary, becomes, that is, _inferus_
or _liber_, a proportionate degree of interest attaches to the
irregularity. It is not within the scope of the present work to inquire
whether this detachment be real or merely apparent, arising from a want
of union between parts ordinarily united together. This point must be
left to the organogenists to decide in each particular case. So also the
question as to what share, if any, the expanded and dilated flower-stalk
may take in what are usually called inferior ovaries, can be here only
incidentally touched upon.

Among _Rosaceae_, the change in question is very common, especially in
conjunction with an elongation of the axis of the flower (apostasis) and
with prolification, though it is by no means always co-existent with
these malformations. When this alteration in the apparent relative
position of calyx and carpels occurs in roses (_Rosa_) the appearances
are generally such as to indicate that the "hip" of the rose is a
dilatation of the peduncle, continuous above with the coherent bases of
the sepals; this inference seems