whom we refer, it has frequently
happened that one Commander has offered battle to the other, and the
latter has not accepted it.

But the battle is a very modified duel, and its foundation is not merely
in the mutual wish to fight, that is in consent, but in the objects
which are bound up with the battle: these belong always to a greater
whole, and that so much the more, as even the whole war considered as
a "combat-unit" has political objects and conditions which belong to a
higher standpoint. The mere desire to conquer each other therefore falls
into quite a subordinate relation, or rather it ceases completely to be
anything of itself, and only becomes the nerve which conveys the impulse
of action from the higher will.

Amongst the ancients, and then again during the early period of standing
Armies, the expression that we had offered battle to the enemy in vain,
had more sense in it than it has now. By the ancients everything was
constituted with a view to measuring each other's strength in the open
field free from anything in the nature of a hindrance,(*) and the whole
Art of War consisted in the organisation, and formation of the Army,
that is in the order of battle.

(*) Note the custom of sending formal challenges, fix time
and place for action, and "enhazelug" the battlefield in
Anglo-Saxon times.--ED.

Now as their Armies regularly entrenched themselves in their camps,
therefore the position in a camp was regarded as something unassailable,
and a battle did not become possible until the enemy left his camp, and
placed himself in a practicable country, as it were entered the lists.

If therefore we hear about Hannibal having offered battle to Fabius
in vain, that tells us nothing more as regards the latter than that
a battle was not part of his plan, and in itself neither proves the
physical nor moral superiority of Hannibal; but with respect to him the
expression is still correct enough in the sense that Hannibal really
wished a battle.

In the early period of modern Armies, the relations were similar in
great combats and battles. That is to say, great masses were brought
into action, and managed throughout it by means of an order of battle,
which like a great helpless whole required a more or less level plain
and was neither suited to attack, nor yet to defence in a broken, close
or even mountainous country. The defender therefore had here also to
some extent the means of avoiding battle