alone expounded it against
the attacks of Fichte and Schelling. Yet in some respects his ideas opened
the way for the later speculations of Schelling and Hegel. He dissented
strongly from the Kantian distinction between matter and form of thought,
and urged that philosophy should consider only thought in itself, pure
thought, the ground or possibility of being. The fundamental principle of
thought is, according to him, the law of identity; logical thinking is real
thinking. The matter upon which thought operated is in itself indefinite
and is rendered definite through the action of thought. Bardili worked out
his idea in a one-sided manner. He held that thought has in itself no power
of development, and ultimately reduced it to arithmetical computation. He
published _Grundriss der ersten Logik_ (Stuttgart, 1800); _Ueber die
Gesetze der Ideenassociation_ (Tuebingen, 1796); _Briefe ueber den Ursprung
der Metaphysik_ (Altona, 1798); _Philos. Elementarlehre_ (Landshut,
1802-1806); _Beitraege zur Beurteilung des gegenwaertigen Zustandes der
Vernunftlehre_ (Landshut, 1803).

See C. L. Michelet, _Geschichte der letzten Systeme_; J. E. Erdmann,
_Versuch einer Geschichte d. neu. Phil._ Bd. iii. pt. i.; _B's und
Reinholds Briefwechsel._

BARDOUX, AGENOR (1820-1897), French statesman, was a native of Bourges.
Established as an advocate at Clermont, he did not hesitate to proclaim his
republican sympathies. In 1871 he was elected deputy of the National
Assembly, and re-elected in 1876 and in 1877. In the chamber he was
president of the group of the left centre, standing strongly for the
republic but against anti-clericalism. After the _coup d'etat_ of the 16th
of May, he was one of the leaders of the "363." In the republican chamber
elected after the 16th of May, he became minister of public instruction
(December 1877), and proposed various republican laws, notably on
compulsory primary education. He resigned in 1879. He was not re-elected in
1881, but in December 1882 was named senator for life. He wrote essays on
_Les Legistes et leur influence sur la societe francaise_ (1878); _Le Comte
de Montlosier et le Gallicanisme_ (1881); and published in 1882 his _Dix
Annees de vie politique_.

BARDOWIEK, a village of Germany, in the Prussian province of Hanover, 3 m.
N. of Lueneburg on the navigable Ilmenau. Pop. 2000. Its trade consists
entirely in agricultural produce. The Gothic parish church (_c._ 1400)
incorporates remains of a ca