they
are roasted while passing over the rotating wheel.

1847-48--William Dakin and Elizabeth Dakin are granted patents in
England for a roasting cylinder lined with gold, silver, platinum,
or alloy, and traversing carriage on a railway to move the roaster
in and out of the heating chamber.

1848--Thomas John Knowlys is granted a patent in England on a
perforated roasting cylinder coated with enamel.

1848--Luke Herbert is granted the first English patent on a
coffee-grinding machine.

1849--Apoleoni Preterre, Havre, is granted a patent in England on a
coffee roaster mounted on a weighing apparatus to indicate loss of
weight in roasting, and automatically to stop the roasting process.

1849--Thomas R. Wood of Cincinnati is granted a United States
patent on Wood's improved spherical coffee roaster for use on
kitchen stoves.

1850--John Gordon & Co. begin the manufacture of coffee-plantation
machinery in London.

1850[L]--The cultivation of coffee is introduced into Guatemala.

1850[L]--John Walker introduces his cylinder pulper for coffee
plantations.

1852--Edward Gee secures a patent in England for an improved
combination of apparatus for roasting coffee; having a perforated
cylinder fitted with inclined flanges for turning the beans while
roasting.

1852--Robert Bowman Tennent is granted a patent in England on a
two-cylinder machine for pulping coffee. Others follow.

1852--Coffee cultivation is introduced into Salvador from Cuba.

1852--Tavernier is granted a French patent on a coffee tablet.

1853--Lacassagne and Latchoud are granted a French patent on liquid
and solid extracts of coffee.

1855--C.W. Van Vliet, Fishkill Landing, N.Y., is granted a patent
on a household coffee mill employing upper breaking, and lower
grinding, cones. Assigned to Charles Parker, Meriden, Conn.

1856--Waite and Sener's Old Dominion pot is patented in the United
States.

1857--The Newell patents on coffee-cleaning machinery are issued in
America. Sixteen patents follow.

1857--George L. Squier, Buffalo, N.Y., begins the manufacture of
coffee-plantation machinery.

1859--John Gordon, London, is granted an English patent on a coffee
pulper.

1860[L]--Osborn's Celebrated Prepared Java coffee, the pioneer