rge tent-village. Some are tall,
with tallowlike, raven-black hair, brown complexion, high aquiline
nose--in short, with an exterior that reminds us of the descriptions
we read of the North American Indians. Others again by their dark
hair, slight beard, sunk nose or rather projecting cheek-bones and
oblique eyes, remind us distinctly of the Mongolian race, and
finally we meet among them with very fair faces, with features and
complexion which lead us to suspect that they are descendants of
runaways or prisoners of war of purely Russian origin. The most
common type is--straight, coarse, black hair of moderate length, the
brow tapering upwards, the nose finely formed, but with its root
often flattened eyes by no means small, well-developed black
eyebrows, projecting cheeks often swollen by frostbite, which is
specially observable when the face is looked at from the side,
light, slightly brown complexion, which in the young women is often
nearly as red and white as in Europeans. The beard is always scanty.
Nearly all are stout and well grown, we saw no cripples among them.
The young women often strike one as very pretty if one can rid
oneself of the unpleasant impression of the dirt, which is never
washed away but by the drifting snow of winter, and of the nauseous
train-oil odour which in winter they carry with them from the close
tent-chamber. The children nearly always make a pleasant impression
by their healthy appearance, and their friendly and becoming
behaviour.

[Illustration: TYPICAL CHUKCH FACES.
1. Manschetsko a man from Pitlekaj.
2. Young man from Irgunnuk.
3. Chajdodlin a man from Irgunnuk.
4. Reindeer Chukch.
5. Old man from Irgunnuk.
6. Man from Yinretlen. (After photographs by L. Palander.) ]

[Illustration: TYPICAL CHUKCH FACES.
1., 2. Nautsing, a woman from Pitlekaj.
3., 4. Rotschitlen 5. Young man from Vankarema.
6. Young man from Irgunnuk. (After photographs by L. Palander.) ]

The Chukches are a hardy race, but exceedingly indolent when want of
food does not force them to exertion. The men during their hunting
excursions pass whole days in a cold of -30 deg. to -40 deg. out
upon the ice, without protection and without carrying with them food
or fuel. In such cases they slake their thirst with snow, and
assuage their hunger, if they have been successful in hunting, with
the blood and flesh of the animals they have killed. Women nearly
naked often during severe cold leave for a while t