xample of a race living exclusively on substances
derived from the animal kingdom thus commit a complete mistake. On
the contrary, they appear at certain seasons of the year to be more
"graminivorous" than any other people I know, and with respect to
this their taste appears to me to give the anthropologist a hint of
certain traits of the mode of life of the people of the Stone Age
which have been completely overlooked. To judge from the Chukches
our primitive ancestors by no means so much resembled beasts of prey
as they are commonly imagined to have done, and it may, perhaps,
have been the case that "bellum omnium inter omnes" was first
brought in with the higher culture of the Bronze or Iron Age.

The cooking of the Chukches, like that of most wild races, is very
simple. After a successful catch all the dwellers in the tent
gormandise on the killed animal, and appear to find a special
pleasure in making their faces and hands as bloody as possible.
Alternately with the raw flesh are eaten pieces of blubber and
marrow, and bits of the intestines which have been freed from their
contents merely by pressing between the fingers. Fish is eaten not
only in a raw state, but also frozen so hard that it can be broken
in pieces. When opportunity offers the Chukches do not, however,
neglect to boil their food, or to roast pieces of flesh over the
train-oil lamp--the word _roast_ ought however in this case to be
exchanged for _soot_. At a visit which Lieutenant Hovgaard made at
Najtskaj, the natives in the tent where he was a guest ate for
supper first seal-flesh soup, then boiled fish, and lastly, boiled
seal-flesh. They thus observed completely the order of eating
approved in Europe. The Chukches are unacquainted with other forks
than their fingers, and even the use of the spoon is not common.
Many carry about with them a spoon of copper, tinned iron, or bone
(fig. 8, p. 117). The soup is often drunk directly out of the
cooking vessel, or sucked up through hollow bones (see the figure on
p. 104). Those are used as dunking cups, and like the spoons
are worn in the belt. As examples of Chukch dishes I may further
mention, vegetable soup, boiled seal-flesh, boiled fish, blood soup,
soup of seal-blood and blubber. To these we may add soup from finely
crushed bones, or from seal-flesh, blubber, and bones. For crushing
the bones there is in every tent a hammer, consisting of an oval
stone with a hollow round it for a skin thong, wit