were allowed to be eaten up by ravens or to decay (_loc.
cit._ p. 88). ]

[Footnote 281: If the runners are not shod with ice in this way the
friction between them and the hard snow is very great during severe
cold, and the draught accordingly exceedingly heavy. ]

[Footnote 282: Nearly all the travellers from a great distance who
passed the _Vega_ had their dogs harnessed in this way. On the other
hand, Sarytschev says that at St. Lawrence Bay all the dogs were
harnessed abreast, and that this was the practice at Moore's winter
quarters at Chukotskojnos is shown by the drawing at p. 71 of
Hooper's work, already quoted. We ought to remember that at both
these places the population were Eskimos who had adopted the Chukch
language. The Greenland Eskimo have their dogs harnessed abreast,
the Kamchadales in a long row. Naturally dogs harnessed abreast are
unsuitable for wooded regions. The different methods of harnessing
dogs mentioned here, therefore, indicate that the Eskimo have lived
longer than the Chukches north of the limit of trees. ]

[Footnote 283: An exhaustive treatise on the food-substances which
the Chukches gather from the vegetable kingdom, written by Dr.
Kjellman, is to be found in _The Scientific Work of the Vega
Expedition_. Popov already states that the Chukches eat many
berries, roots, and herbs (_Mueller_, iii. p. 59). ]

[Footnote 284: Already, in the beginning of the eighteenth century,
all the Siberian tribes, men and women, old and young, smoked
passionately (_Hist. Genealog. des Tartares_, p. 66). ]

[Footnote 285: Dr. John Simpson gives good information regarding the
American markets in his _Observations on the Western Esquimaux_. He
enumerates three market places in America besides that at Behring's
Straits. At the markets people are occupied also with dancing and
games, which are carried on in such a lively manner that the market
people scarcely sleep during the whole time. Matiuschin gives a very
lively sketch of the market at Anjui, to which, in 1821, the
Chukches still went fully armed with spears, bows, and arrows
(Wrangel's _Reise_, i. p. 270), and a visit to it in 1868 is
described by C. von Neumann, who took part as Astronomer in von
Maydell's expedition to Chukch Land (_Eine Messe im Hochnorden; Das
Ausland_ 1880, p. 861). ]

[Footnote 286: I have seen such pins, also oblong stones, sooty at
one end, which, after having been dipped in train-oil, have been
used as torches, laid b