tion in photo-lithographic facsimile. ]

[Footnote 291: Homines illius regionis sunt pulchri, magni, et
corpulenti, sed sunt multum pallidi. . . . et sunt homines inculti,
et immorigerati et bestialiter viventes. ]

[Footnote 292: See note at page 54, vol i., for an account of von
Herberstein and his works. ]

[Footnote 293: As the copy of the original map to which I have had
access, being coloured, is unsuitable for photo-lithographing, I
give here instead a photo-lithographic reproduction of the map in
the Italian edition printed in 1550. The map itself is unchanged in
any essential particular, but the drawing and engraving are better.
There is, besides, a still older map of Russia in the first edition
of Sebastian Munster's _Cosmographia Universalis_. I have not had
access to this edition, but have had to the third edition of the
same work printed at Basel in 1550. A very incomplete map of Russia
engraved on wood, on which, however, the Obi and the "Sybir" are to
be found, is inserted in this work at page 910. The Dwina here falls
not into the White Sea but into the Gulf of Finland, through a lake
to which the name Ladoga is now given; places like Astracan, Asof,
Viborg, Calmahori (Kolmogor), Solowki (Solovets), &c., are indicated
pretty correctly, and in the White Sea there is to be seen a very
faithful representation of a walrus swimming. ]

[Footnote 294: The river Ob is mentioned the first time in 1492, in
the negotiations which the Austrian ambassador, Michael Snups,
carried on in Moscow in order to obtain permission to travel in the
interior of Russia (Adelung, _Uebersicht der Reisenden in Russland_,
p. 157). ]

[Footnote 295: As before stated, Marco Polo mentions Polar bears but
not walruses. ]

[Footnote 296: Herodotus places Andropagi in nearly the same regions
which are now inhabited by the Samoyeds. Pliny also speaks of
man-eating Scythians. ]

[Footnote 297: Arctic literature contains a nearly contemporaneous
sketch of the first Russian-Siberian commercial undertakings,
_Beschryvinghe vander Samoyeden Landt in Tartarien, nieulijcks
onder't ghebiedt der Moscoviten gebracht. Wt de Russche tale
overgheset_, Anno 1609. Amsterdam, Hessel Gerritsz, 1612; inserted
in Latin, in 1613, in the same publisher's _Descriptio ac Delineatio
Geographica Detectionis Freti_ (Photo-lithographic reproduction, by
Frederick Mueller, Amsterdam, 1878). The same work, or more
correctly, collection of small geographical p