ory of North
eastern Voyages of Discovery_ London, 1819, p. 298; and a paper by
Burney in the _Transactions_ of the Royal Society, 1817. Burney was
violently attacked for the views there expressed by Captain John
Dundas Cochrane. _Narrative of a Pedestrian Journey through Russia
and Siberian Tartary_, 2nd ed. London, 1824, Appendix. ]

[Footnote 315: The first astronomical determinations of position in
Siberia were, perhaps, made by Swedish prisoners of war; the first
in China by Jesuits (Cf. _Strahlenberg_, p. 14). ]

[Footnote 316: A short, but instructive account of Behring's first
voyage, based on an official communication from the Russian
Government to the King of Poland, is inserted in t. iv. p. 561 of
_Description geographique de l'Empire de la Chine, par le P.J.B.
Du Halde_, La Haye, 1736. The same official report was probably the
source of Mueller's brief sketch of the voyage (_Mueller_, iii. p.
112). A map of it is inserted in the 1735 Paris edition of Du
Halde's work, and in _Nouvel Atlas de la Chine, par M. D'Anville_,
La Haye, 1737. ]

[Footnote 317: _Histoire genealogique des Tartares_ (note, p. 107),
and Strahlenberg's oft-quoted work (map, text, pp. 31 and 384). ]

[Footnote 318: This expedition was under the command of the
Admiralty; the others under that of Behring. In my account I have
followed partly Mueller and partly Wrangel, of whom the latter, in
his book of travels, gives a historical review of previous voyages
along the coasts of the Asiatic Polar Sea. The accounts of the
voyages between the White Sea and the Yenisej properly belong to a
foregoing chapter in this work, but I quote them first here in order
that I may treat of the different divisions of the Great Northern
Expedition in the same connection. ]

[Footnote 319: Wrangel, i. p. 36. ]

[Footnote 320: Wrangel, i. p. 38. ]

[Footnote 321: According to P. von Haven (_Nye og forbedrede
Efterretningar om det Russiske Rige_, Kjoebenhavn, 1747, ii. p. 20),
"it was the custom in Petersburg to send away those whose presence
was inconvenient to help Behring to make new discoveries". It
also went very ill with many of the gallant Russian Polar travellers,
and many of them were repaid with ingratitude. Behring was received
on his return from his first voyage, so rich in results, with
unjustified mistrust. Steller was exposed to continual trouble,
was long prevented from returning from Siberia, and finally
perished during his journey home,