bit a certain power of
hitting off the object. These figures appear to me to show that the
objections which have been raised to the genuineness of various
palaeolithic etchings, just on the ground of the artist's
comparatively sure hand, are not justified. Even patterns and ivory
buckles show a certain taste. Embroidery is done commonly on
red-coloured strips of skin partly with white reindeer hair, partly
with red and black wool, obtained in small quantity by barter from
Behring's Straits. The supply of colouring material is not
particularly abundant. It is obtained partly from the mineral
kingdom (limonite of different colours, and graphite), partly from
the vegetable kingdom (bark of various trees). The mineral colours
are ground with water between flat stones. Bark is probably treated
with urine. Red is the Chukches' favourite colour.

In order to make a contribution towards an answer to the disputed
question, in what degree is the colour-sense developed among
savages, Dr. Almquist during the course of the winter instituted
comprehensive researches according to the method worked out by
Professor FR. HOLMGREN. A detailed account of these is to be found
in _The Scientific Work of the Vega Expedition_, and in various
scientific journals. Here I shall only state that Dr. Almquist gives
the following as the final result of his investigation. "That the
Chukches in general possess as good an organ for distinguishing
colours as we Swedes. On the other hand, they appear not to be
accustomed to observe colours, and to distinguish sharply any other
colour than red. They bring together all reds as something special,
but consider that green of a moderate brightness corresponds less
with a green of less brightness than with a blue of the same
brightness. In order to bring all greens together the Chukches thus
require to learn a new abstraction". Of 300 persons who were
examined, 273 had a fully developed colour-sense, nine were
completely colour-blind, and eighteen incompletely colour-blind, or
gave uncertain indications.

From what has been stated above it appears that the coast Chukches
are without noteworthy religion, social organisation, or government.
Had not experience from the Polar races of America taught us
differently we should have believed that with such a literally
anarchic and godless crew there would be no security for life and
property, immorality would be boundless, and the weaker without any
protection fro