1860) in _Anciens poetes de la France_, and Provencal
text, ed. I. Bekker (Berlin, 1829); _Galien_, ed. E. Stengel and K.
Pfeil (Marburg, 1890); _Gaydon_, ed. F. Guessard and S. Luce (_Anciens
poetes_ ... 1862); _Gui de Bourgogne_, ed. F. Guessard and H.
Michelant (same series, 1859); _Mainet_ (fragments only extant), ed.
G. Paris, in _Romania_ (1875); _Otinel_, ed Guessard and Michelant
_(Anciens poetes_, 1859), and _Sir Otuel_, ed. S.J. Herrtage
(_E.E.T.S._, 1880); _Prise de Pampelune_ (ed. A. Mussafia, Vienna,
1864); for the Carolingian romances relating to Roland, see ROLAND;
_Les Saisnes_, ed. F. Michel (1839); _The Sege of Melaine_,
introductory to Otinel, preserved in English only (ed. _E.E.T.S._,
1880); _Simon de Pouille_, analysis in _Epop. fr._ (iii. pp. 346 sq.);
_Voyage de C. a Jerusalem_, ed. E. Koschwitz (Heilbronn, 1879). For
the chronicle of the Pseudo-Turpin, see an edition by Castets (Paris,
1881) for the "Societe des langues romanes," and the dissertation by
G. Paris, _De Pseudo-Turpino_ (Paris, 1865). The Spanish versions of
Carolingian legends are studied by Mila y Fontanals in _De la poesia
heroico-popular castellana_ (Barcelona, 1874). (M. Br.)

FOOTNOTES:

[1] A remnant of the popular poetry contemporary with Charlemagne and
written in the vernacular has been thought to be discernible under
its Latin translation in the description of a siege during
Charlemagne's war against the Saracens, known as the "Fragment from
the Hague" (Pertz, _Script._ iii. pp. 708-710).

[2] The words _douze pairs_ were anglicized in a variety of forms
ranging from douzepers to dosepers. The word even occurred as a
singular in the metrical romance of _Octavian_:--"Ferst they sent out
a doseper." At the beginning of the 13th century there existed a
_cour des pairs_ which exercised judicial functions and dated
possibly from the 11th century, but their prerogatives at the
beginning of the 14th century appear to have been mainly ceremonial
and decorative. In 1257 the twelve peers were the chiefs of the great
feudal provinces, the dukes of Normandy, Burgundy and Aquitaine, the
counts of Toulouse, Champagne and Flanders, and six spiritual peers,
the archbishop of Reims, the bishops of Laon, Chalons-sur-Marne,
Beauvais, Langres and Noyon. (See Du Cange, _Glossarium_, s.v.
"Par.").

[3] See J. Flach, _Le Compagnonna