habit are emotions in the making. It is true, also, that he occasionally
refers to the characteristics of children; but he does not
systematically trace the changes through which childhood passes into
manhood, as throwing light on the order and genesis of the emotions. It
is further true that he here and there refers to national traits in
illustration of his subject; but these stand as isolated facts, having
no general significance: there is no hint of any relation between them
and the national circumstances; while all those many moral contrasts
between lower and higher races which throw great light on
classification, are passed over. And once more, it is true that many
passages of his work, and sometimes, indeed, whole sections of it, are
analytical; but his analyses are incidental--they do not underlie his
entire scheme, but are here and there added to it. In brief, he has
written a Descriptive Psychology, which does not appeal to Comparative
Psychology and Analytical Psychology for its leading ideas. And in doing
this, he has omitted much that should be included in a natural history
of the mind; while to that part of the subject with which he has dealt,
he has given a necessarily-imperfect organization.

* * * * *

Even leaving out of view the absence of those methods and criteria on
which we have been insisting, it appears to us that meritorious as is
Mr. Bain's book in its details, it is defective in some of its leading
ideas. The first paragraphs of his first chapter, quite startled us by
the strangeness of their definitions--a strangeness which can scarcely
be ascribed to laxity of expression. The paragraphs run thus:--

"Mind is comprised under three heads,--Emotion, Volition, and
Intellect.

"EMOTION is the name here used to comprehend all that is understood
by feelings, states of feeling, pleasures, pains, passions,
sentiments, affections. Consciousness, and conscious states also
for the most part denote modes of emotion, although there is such a
thing as the Intellectual consciousness.

"VOLITION, on the other hand, indicates the great fact that our
Pleasures and Pains, which are not the whole of our emotions,
prompt to action, or stimulate the active machinery of the living
framework to perform such operations as procure the first and abate
the last. To withdraw from a scalding heat, and cling to a gentle
war