ave seen that
the most general and broadly contrasted divisions are the first to make
their appearance; and of the subdivisions it continues true in both
cases, that they arise in the order of decreasing generality.

Let us observe, next, that in the one case as in the other, the
specializations are at first very incomplete, and approach completeness
as organization progresses. We saw that in primitive tribes, as in the
simplest animals, there remains much community of function between the
parts which are nominally different--that, for instance, the class of
chiefs long remains industrially the same as the inferior class; just
as in a _Hydra_, the property of contractility is possessed by the units
of the endoderm as well as by those of the ectoderm. We noted also how,
as the society advanced, the two great primitive classes partook less
and less of each other's functions. And we have here to remark that all
subsequent specializations are at first vague and gradually become
distinct. "In the infancy of society," says M. Guizot, "everything is
confused and uncertain; there is as yet no fixed and precise line of
demarcation between the different powers in a state." "Originally kings
lived like other landowners, on the incomes derived from their own
private estates." Nobles were petty kings; and kings only the most
powerful nobles. Bishops were feudal lords and military leaders. The
right of coining money was possessed by powerful subjects, and by the
Church, as well as by the king. Every leading man exercised alike the
functions of landowner, farmer, soldier, statesman, judge. Retainers
were now soldiers, and now labourers, as the day required. But by
degrees the Church has lost all civil jurisdiction; the State has
exercised less and less control over religious teaching; the military
class has grown a distinct one; handicrafts have concentrated in towns;
and the spinning-wheels of scattered farmhouses, have disappeared before
the machinery of manufacturing districts. Not only is all progress from
the homogeneous to the heterogeneous, but, at the same time, it is from
the indefinite to the definite.

Another fact which should not be passed over, is that in the evolution
of a large society out of a cluster of small ones, there is a gradual
obliteration of the original lines of separation--a change to which,
also, we may see analogies in living bodies. The sub-kingdom _Annulosa_,
furnishes good illustrations. Among the low