for their own
uses as well as they can. When there arises a decided differentiation
between the governing and the governed, some amount of transfer begins
between those inferior individuals who, as workers, come directly in
contact with the products of the earth, and those superior ones who
exercise the higher functions--a transfer parallel to that which
accompanies the differentiation of the ectoderm from the endoderm. In
the one case, as in the other, however, it is a transfer of products
that are little if at all prepared; and takes place directly from the
unit which obtains to the unit which consumes, without entering into any
general current.

Passing to larger organisms--individual and social--we meet the first
advance on this arrangement. Where, as among the compound _Hydrozoa_,
there is a union of many such primitive groups as form _Hydrae_; or
where, as in a _Medusa_, one of these groups has become of great size;
there exist rude channels running throughout the substance of the body:
not, however, channels for the conveyance of prepared nutriment, but
mere prolongations of the digestive cavity, through which the crude
chyle-aqueous fluid reaches the remoter parts, and is moved backwards
and forwards by the creature's contractions. Do we not find in some of
the more advanced primitive communities an analogous condition? When the
men, partially or fully united into one society, become numerous--when,
as usually happens, they cover a surface of country not everywhere alike
in its products--when, more especially, there arise considerable classes
which are not industrial; some process of exchange and distribution
inevitably arises. Traversing here and there the earth's surface,
covered by that vegetation on which human life depends, and in which, as
we say, the units of a society are imbedded, there are formed indefinite
paths, along which some of the necessaries of life occasionally pass, to
be bartered for others which presently come back along the same
channels. Note, however, that at first little else but crude commodities
are thus transferred--fruits, fish, pigs or cattle, skins, etc.: there
are few, if any, manufactured products or articles prepared for
consumption. And note also, that such distribution of these unprepared
necessaries of life as takes place, is but occasional--goes on with a
certain slow, irregular rhythm.

Further progress in the elaboration and distribution of nutriment, or of
commodities,