for him to become the man of greatest cunning,
foresight, and skill in the management of others; for in societies that
have advanced beyond the first stage, it is chiefly such qualities
that insure success in gaining supreme power, and holding it against
internal and external enemies. Thus that member of the governing class
who comes to be the chief directing agent, and so plays the same part
that a rudimentary nervous centre does in an unfolding organism, is
usually one endowed with some superiorities of nervous organization.

In those larger and more complex communities possessing, perhaps, a
separate military class, a priesthood, and dispersed masses of
population requiring local control, there grow up subordinate governing
agents; who, as their duties accumulate, severally become more directive
and less executive in their characters. And when, as commonly happens,
the king begins to collect round himself advisers who aid him by
communicating information, preparing subjects for his judgment, and
issuing his orders; we may say that the form of organization is
comparable to one very general among inferior types of animals, in which
there exists a chief ganglion with a few dispersed minor ganglia under
its control.

The analogies between the evolution of governmental structures in
societies, and the evolution of governmental structures in living
bodies, are, however, more strikingly displayed during the formation of
nations by coalescence of tribes--a process already shown to be, in
several respects, parallel to the development of creatures that
primarily consist of many like segments. Among other points of community
between the successive rings which make up the body in the lower
_Annulosa_, is the possession of similar pairs of ganglia. These pairs
of ganglia, though connected by nerves, are very incompletely dependent
on any general controlling power. Hence it results that when the body is
cut in two, the hinder part continues to move forward under the
propulsion of its numerous legs; and that when the chain of ganglia has
been divided without severing the body, the hind limbs may be seen
trying to propel the body in one direction while the fore limbs are
trying to propel it in another. But in the higher _Annulosa_, called
_Articulata_, sundry of the anterior pairs of ganglia, besides growing
larger, unite in one mass; and this great cephalic ganglion having
become the co-ordinator of all the creature's movements,