developed the apparatus of external
action. Out of the one arise the organs by which food is prepared and
absorbed, oxygen imbibed, and blood purified; while out of the other
arise the nervous, muscular, and osseous systems, by the combined
actions of which the movements of the body as a whole are effected.
Though this is not a rigorously-correct distinction, seeing that some
organs involve both of these primitive membranes, yet high authorities
agree in stating it as a broad general distinction. Well, in the
evolution of a society, we see a primary differentiation of analogous
kind, which similarly underlies the whole future structure. As already
pointed out, the only manifest contrast of parts in primitive societies,
is that between the governing and the governed. In the least organized
tribes, the council of chiefs may be a body of men distinguished simply
by greater courage or experience. In more organized tribes, the
chief-class is definitely separated from the lower class, and often
regarded as different in nature--sometimes as god-descended. And later,
we find these two becoming respectively freemen and slaves, or nobles
and serfs. A glance at their respective functions, makes it obvious that
the great divisions thus early formed, stand to each other in a relation
similar to that in which the primary divisions of the embryo stand to
each other. For, from its first appearance, the warrior-class, headed by
chiefs, is that by which the external acts of the society are carried
on: alike in war, in negotiation, and in migration. Afterwards, while
this upper class grows distinct from the lower, and at the same time
becomes more and more exclusively regulative and defensive in its
functions, alike in the persons of kings and subordinate rulers,
priests, and soldiers; the inferior class becomes more and more
exclusively occupied in providing the necessaries of life for the
community at large. From the soil, with which it comes in most direct
contact, the mass of the people takes up, and prepares for use, the food
and such rude articles of manufacture as are known; while the overlying
mass of superior men, maintained by the working population, deals with
circumstances external to the community--circumstances with which, by
position, it is more immediately concerned. Ceasing by-and-by to have
any knowledge of, or power over, the concerns of the society as a whole,
the serf-class becomes devoted to the processes of alimentat