nd
analogous progress. From mere unorganized groups of cells, or cell-like
bodies, we ascend to groups of such cells arranged into parts that have
different duties. The common Polype, from the substance of which may be
separated cells that exhibit, when detached, appearances and movements
like those of a solitary _Amoeba_, illustrates this stage. The
component units, though still showing great community of character,
assume somewhat diverse functions in the skin, in the internal surface,
and in the tentacles. There is a certain amount of "physiological
division of labour."

Turning to societies, we find these stages paralleled in most aboriginal
tribes. When, instead of such small variable groups as are formed by
Bushmen, we come to the larger and more permanent groups formed by
savages not quite so low, we find traces of social structure. Though
industrial organization scarcely shows itself, except in the different
occupations of the sexes; yet there is more or less of governmental
organization. While all the men are warriors and hunters, only a part
of them are included in the council of chiefs; and in this council of
chiefs some one has commonly supreme authority. There is thus a certain
distinction of classes and powers; and through this slight
specialization of functions is effected a rude co-operation among the
increasing mass of individuals, whenever the society has to act in its
corporate capacity. Beyond this analogy in the slight extent to which
organization is carried, there is analogy in the indefiniteness of the
organization. In the _Hydra_, the respective parts of the creature's
substance have many functions in common. They are all contractile;
omitting the tentacles, the whole of the external surface can give
origin to young _hydrae_; and, when turned inside out, stomach performs
the duties of skin and skin the duties of stomach. In aboriginal
societies such differentiations as exist are similarly imperfect.
Notwithstanding distinctions of rank, all persons maintain themselves by
their own exertions. Not only do the head men of the tribe, in common
with the rest, build their own huts, make their own weapons, kill their
own food; but the chief does the like. Moreover, such governmental
organization as exists is inconstant. It is frequently changed by
violence or treachery, and the function of ruling assumed by some other
warrior. Thus between the rudest societies and some of the lowest forms
of animal lif