all the sciences connected with them." Ibn Khallikan, vol. ii. p. 680.

[63] The Kafi, by Abu Ja'far Muhammad, A.H. 329. The
Man-la-yastah-zirah-al-Faqih, by Shaikh 'Ali, A.H. 381. The Tahzib and the
Istibsar by Shaikh Abu Ja'far Muhammad, A.H. 466. The Nahaj-ul-Balaghat by
Sayyud Razi A.H. 406.

[64] If the Isnad is good, internal improbability carries with it little
weight against the genuineness of a Tradition. There is a saying current to
this effect:--"A relation made by Shafa'i on the authority of Malik, and by
him on the authority of Nafi, and by him on the authority of Ibn Omar, is
really the golden chain."

[65] Nur-ul-Hidayah, p. 5.

[66] A full account of these will be found in the preface to the
Nur-ul-Hidayah, the Urdu translation of the Sharh-i-Waqayah.

[67] Sharh-i-'Aqaid-i-Jami, p. 123.

[68] Kisas-ul-Anbiya,--"Lives of the Prophets."

[69] Hyat-un-Nafis.

[70] The Shia'hs in claiming freedom from sin for the infallible Imams are
more logical than the Romanists, thus:--

"If we are to believe in the inerrability of a person, or a body of
persons, because it is, forsooth, necessary for the full preservation of
the truth, we must then also believe in all besides that can be shown to be
needful for the perfect attainment of that end. Now, the conservation of
all spiritual truth is not a mere operation of the intellect. It requires
the faultless action of the perceiving power of the spirit. That is to say,
it requires the exclusion of sin; and the man or body that is to be
infallible, must also be a sinless organ. It is necessary that the
tainting, blinding, distorting power of sin should be shut out from the
spiritual eye of the infallible judge." Gladstone's _Gleanings_, vol. iii.
p. 260.

[71] It is a common Musalman belief that the body of a prophet casts no
shadow. A similar idea regarding necromancers was widely spread over
Northern Europe. It is alluded to by Scott in the "Lay of the Last
Minstrel," where speaking of the father of the Ladye, who in Padua, "had
learned the art that none might name," he says:--

"His form no darkening shadow traced
Upon the sunny wall."

It is said that at a certain stage of initiation candidates for magical
honours were in danger of being caught by the devil. Now if the devil could
only catch the shadow, and the man escaped, though so nearly captured, he
became a great magician. This is evidently a legend to explain a previous
belief. Muhammadan ide