abe, par S. Munk, p. 429.

[182] "Apres lui, nous ne trouvons plus chez les Arabes aucun philosophe
veritablement digne de ce nom." Melanges de Philosophie Juive et Arabe, par
S. Munk, p. 458.

[183] Muslim rule in Spain is often referred to as an instance of the
height of culture and the liberality of sentiment which may exist in a
Muhammadan state. I have shown that the culture was not due to the teaching
of the Arab Prophet and his Companions, and with regard to the liberality
it is well to remember the words of G. H. Lewes. He says: "The Arabs,
though they conquered Spain, were too weak in numbers to hold that country
in subjection otherwise than by politic concessions to the opinion and
customs of the people." History of Philosophy, vol. i. p. 36.

[184] "There never was any Arabian science, strictly speaking. In the first
place, all the Philosophy and Science of the Muhammadans was Greek, Jewish,
and Persian.... It really designates a reaction against Islamism, which
arose in the distant parts of the Empire, in Samarcand, Bokhara, Morocco,
and Cordova. The Arabian language having become the language of the Empire,
this Philosophy is written in that language; but the ideas are not Arabian;
the spirit is not Arabian." History of Philosophy, by G. H. Lewes, vol. ii.
p. 34.

[185] The Persian term for this is Namaz, a word in commoner use in India
than Sulat. Both terms will henceforth be employed.

[186] There is a Tradition to the effect that "the whole body of him who
says the name of God when making wazu will be clean; whereas, if he says it
not, only the part washed will be pure."

[187] Before commencing the wazu, say: "I am going to purify myself from
all bodily uncleanness preparatory to commencing prayer, that holy act of
duty, which will draw my soul near to the throne of the Most High. In the
name of God, the Great and Mighty. Praise be to God who has given us grace
to be Muslims. Islam is a truth and infidelity a falsehood."

When cleaning the teeth say: "Vouchsafe O God, as I clean my teeth, to
purify me from my faults and accept my homage. O Lord, may the purity of my
teeth be for me a pledge of the whiteness of my face at the day of
judgment."

When washing the nostrils say: "O my God, if I am pleasing in Thy sight,
perfume me with the odours of Paradise."

When washing the right hand say: "O my God, on the day of judgment, place
the book of my actions in my right hand, and examine my account w