cy, where
our common mother was continually calling upon his name, and their
recognition gave the place the name of 'Arifat. They lived here till death
took place." (Burton).

[242] The Shafa'i rules allow a traveller any time when on a journey of a
night and day to reduce the five Namaz to three by joining some. The Hanafi
code allows the shortened form only on this day.

[243] "The Shaitan-ul-Kabir is a dwarf buttress of rude masonry about eight
feet high, by two and a half broad, placed against a rough wall of stones."
(Burton).

[244] Most of the ceremonies connected with the Hajj, the Ihram, the
shaving of the head, the going to Safa and Marwah, the throwing of the
stones, the circuit of the K'aba, the kissing of the black stone, and the
sacrifice were all pagan ceremonies performed by the idolatrous Arabs.
Muhammad by his time-serving policy, adopted to gain the Meccans to his
side, has confirmed an idolatrous practice which otherwise would probably
have been extinct long ago. Safa and Marwah were hills held in
superstitious reverence by the Meccans. The early Muslims had some doubt
about retaining them as sacred places: then came the revelation to the
Prophet, "Safa and Marwah are among the monuments of God, whosoever then
maketh a pilgrimage to the temple or visiteth it, shall not be to blame if
he go round about them both." (Sura ii. 153).

[245] These are the letters contained in words which direct the reader when
to pause. Thus toi stands for mutlaq (slight pause), qif (pause), jim for
ja,iz (freedom to pause, or not to pause), la for no (no pause), mim for
la'zim (necessary to pause), (.) is a full stop.

[246] Persian was the foreign language with which the early Muslims were
brought most into contact; but the objection applies equally to any other
language.

[247] A concession of no practical value, as any one with the power of
speech could learn these words in a very short time.

[248] This is because by so doing it would seem to ascribe to it similarity
to human compositions.

[249] During the first ten days they are supposed to contain the bodies of
the martyrs, but now being empty the Tazias become mere ordinary frames and
can be destroyed, Qanun-i-Islam, p. 146.

[250] This feast is known in South India as the Dassara. The idol is thrown
into a tank.

[251] The Mihrab is a niche in a wall which indicates the position of
Mecca. The face is always turned to it when prayers are said; so that