l of each of the four
Takbirs; the other sects do so only at the first.

[214] If the deceased was a child or a mad person, they say:--

"O God, make him (or her, as the case may be) a guide for us, and make him
a cause of our gaining a future reward. O God, save him and make him an
intercessor for us."

[215] The Imam makes the Niyyat in his mind that the Salam may be on his
guardian angels, and on the worshippers who are behind him; each worshipper
makes the Niyyat that the Salam may be on his guardian angels, on his
fellow worshippers and on the Imam.

[216] _i.e._, the deceased's.

[217] Death, resurrection, judgment; &c.

[218] This contradicts verse 254 of this Sura. Muslims explain it thus. We
accept all prophets and as regards _faith_ in them make no difference,
though as regards _dignity_ we recognize the distinction indicated in the
254th verse.

[219] That is, the Jews and Christians, on whom, it is said by the Muslim
Commentators, many strict ceremonial observances were incumbent. The word
often used to express the idea of the burdensome nature of ceremonial
observance is taklilif, trouble. Practically, Muslims are not free from
these "loads," a fact which finds expression in the word used for a pious
man--a mukhallif, one who has to take trouble in the way of performing
religious duties.

[220] In Madras, a branch of the pomegranate tree is usually stuck in.

[221] The name of the mother is here inserted. The mother's name is chosen
in preference to that of the father, as there can be no doubt as to the
maternity of the child. For the same reason it is said that at the Last Day
each man will be summoned as such an one, son of such a mother. This simple
fact reveals a sad state of morals, or, at least, a disbelief in the virtue
of women.

[222] The idea is that the reward of this act is transferred to the person
on whose behalf it is made.

[223] Sura ii. 256.

[224] There are others who maintain that this is a _mukham_ statement and
cannot therefore be abrogated. They hold that it must be restricted to the
aged and to persons who have chronic diseases. Tafsir-i-Husaini, p. 30.
Tafsir-i-Faiz-ul-Karim, p. 120.

[225] Burton says that, when in the disguise of a Musalman doctor he was in
Cairo making preparations for the Hajj, he had but one patient who would
break his fast to save his life. All the others refused though death should
be the consequence.

[226] "The former are called Zakat, eit