former can
be found in Osborn's "Khalifs of Baghdad." A short review of the latter
will be found in a note at the end of this chapter.

[115] Ibn Khallikan, vol. ii p. 669.

[116] Ibid, p. 228.

[117] Ibn Khaldoun says: "L'etablissement des preuves (fondees sur la
raison) fut adopte par les (premiers) scolastiques pour le sujet de leur
traites, mais il ne fut pas, comme chez les philosophes, une tentative pour
arriver a la decouverte de la verite et pour obtenir, au moyen de la
demonstration, la connaissance de ce qui etait ignore jusqu' alors. Les
scolastiques recherchaient des preuves intellectuelles dans le but de
confirmer la verite des dogmes, de justifier les opinions des premiers
Musalmans et de repousser les doctrines trompeuses que les novateurs
avaient emises." Prolegomenes d'Ibn Khaldoun, vol. iii. p. 169.

[118] Sharh-i-Aqaid-i-Jami, p. 63

[119] "Most excellent titles has God: by these call ye on Him and stand
aloof from those who pervert His titles." (Sura vii. 179.)

[120] "The Mujassimians, or Corporealists not only admitted a resemblance
between God and created beings, but declared God to be corporeal." Sale's
Preliminary discourse, Section viii. para. 3.

[121] Ibn Khallikan, vol. iv. p. 394.

[122] "The Freethinkers (Mutazilites) left no traces of themselves except
in the controversial treatises which they had written. These were
destroyed, and with their destruction the last vestiges of the conflict
between Free-thought and the spirit of Islam were obliterated." Osborn's
Khalifs of Baghdad, p. 148.

[123] Sura xxxix, 68, 69.

[124] L'Islamisme d'apres le Coran, p. 135.

[125] Sharh-i-'Aqaid-i-Jami, p. 112.

[126] Sharh-i-'Aqaid-i-Jami, p. 187.

[127] Tafsir-i-Faiz-ul-Karim, p. 58.

[128] Takmil-ul-Iman, p. 19.

[129] "From the beginning of history the Caucasus is to civilized nations,
both Greek and Oriental, the boundary of geographical knowledge--indeed,
the boundary of the world itself."--Bryce's Transcaucasia and Ararat, p.
48.

[130] See also Sura xxxviii. 89.

[131] Sharh-Aqaid-i-Jami, p. 140.

[132] Thus the famous Persian poet Sa'di says in the Bustan, "Yetimi kih
nakardah Quran darust, kutub khana-i-chand millat bashust."--"The Perfect
one who, ere the whole of Gabriel's book he reads, has blotted out the
library of all the peoples' creeds."

[133] Sharh-Aqaid-i-Jami, p. 147. Mansukh shud tilawatan wa Kitabatan,
_i.e._ abrogated both as regards reading and writing--e