mountains of Persia; the few Christians who
might cross his path in his native land, would only seem to him idolaters."
Speaking, too, of Sa'di's life the reviewer says: "almost the only point of
contact with Christendom is his slavery under the Crusaders at Tripoli. The
same isolation runs through all the golden period of Persian
Literature"--_Calcutta Review_, No. lix.

[90] The following are the names of the Wahhabi chiefs:--Muhammad-Ibn-Saud,
died A.D. 1765; 'Abd-ul-Aziz, assassinated, 1803; Saud-Ibn-'Abd-ul-Aziz,
died 1814; 'Abd-Ullah-ibn-Saud, beheaded 1818; Turki, assassinated 1830;
Fayzul, died 1866; 'Abd-Ullah, still living. Hughes Notes, p. 221.

[91] Palgrave's Arabia, vol. ii. p. 10.

[92] According to the latest Census Report there are 4,000 in the Madras
Presidency, where the total Musalman population is about 2,000,000.

[93] Mudarij-un-Nabuwat, p. 149.

[94] Palgrave's Arabia vol. i. p. 369.

[95] Palgrave's Arabia, vol. i. p. 372.

[96] Ibid, p. 372.

[97] Muhammad Isma'il concludes his great work, the Takwiat-ul-Iman, with
the prayer--"O Lord teach us by Thy grace, the meaning of the terms Bid'at
and Sunnat, and the Law of the Prophet. Make us pure Sunnis and strictly
submissive to the Sunnat." This is a clear and distinct proof that Wahhabis
do not reject Tradition as a basis of the Faith. It also shows their horror
of innovation, and reveals the little hope there is of any real progress
through their influence.

[98] "Mr. Finlay, the clever but partial author of "The Byzantine Empire,"
has declared in a sweeping way 'that there is no greater delusion than to
speak of the unity of the Christian Church.' However this may be, I can
affirm the perfect applicability of this sentence to Islam in the East. In
no part of the world is there more of secret division, aversion, misbelief
(taking Muhammadanism as our standard), and unbelief than in those very
lands which to a superficial survey, seem absolutely identified in the one
common creed of the Quran and its author."--Palgrave's Arabia, vol. i. p.
10.

[99] Strictly speaking, this chapter should be entitled the 'Faith of
Islam,' as the subject of it is technically called Iman, or faith. The
Kalima, or creed is, in the strict sense, the expression of belief in one
God, and in Muhammad as His apostle. I here use the word creed in the usual
sense of a body of dogmas.

[100] Iqrarun bil-lisani wa tasdiqun bil janani.

[101] Amantu billahi kama