ch was completed by English priests with the assistance of
native princes.

But, even while the Teutonic peoples were thus taking the lead, we can
see the Latin races beginning to assert themselves. The monastic reform
movement was essentially Latin in origin; and even more significant was
the fact that scholasticism, the new theology, had its home in the Latin
countries. Aristotelian dialectics had always been taught in the
schools; and reason as well as authority had been appealed to as the
foundation of theology; but for the theologians of the 9th and 10th
centuries, whose method had been merely that of restatement, _ratio_ and
_auctoritas_ were in perfect accord. Then Berengar of Tours (d. 1088)
ventured to set up reason against authority: by reason the truth must be
decided. This involved the question of the relation in theology of
authority and reason, and of whether the theological method is
authoritative or rational. To these questions Berengar gave no answer;
he was ruined by his opposition to Radbert's doctrine of
transubstantiation. The Lombard Anselm (d. 1109), archbishop of
Canterbury, was the first to deal with the subject. He took as his
starting-point the traditional faith; but he was convinced that whoever
has experience of the truths of the faith would be able to understand
them. In accordance with this principle he pointed out the goal of
theology and the way to its attainment: the function of theology is to
demonstrate dogmas _sola ratione_.

It was a bold conception--too bold for the medieval world, for which
faith was primarily the obligation to believe. It was easy, therefore,
to understand why Anselm's method did not become the dominant one in
theology. Not he, but the Frenchman Abelard (d. 1142), was the creator
of the scholastic method. Abelard, too, started from tradition; but he
discovered that the statements of the various authorities are very often
in the relation of _sic et non_, yes and no. Upon this fact he based his
pronouncement as to the function of theology: it must employ the
dialectic method to reconcile the contradictions of tradition, and thus
to shape the doctrines of the faith in accordance with reason. By
teaching this method Abelard created the implements for the erection of
the great theological systems of the schoolmen of the 12th and 13th
centuries: Peter Lombard (d. 1160), Alexander of Hales (d. 1245),
Albertus Magnus (d. 1280), and Thomas Aquinas (d. 1275). They adventu