scation by Austria
of the property of Lombard exiles who had been naturalized in Piedmont.
He strongly supported Cavour's Crimean policy (1855), and when General
La Marmora departed in command of the expeditionary force and Cavour
took the war office, Cibrario was made minister for foreign affairs. He
conducted the business of the department with great skill, and ably
seconded Cavour in bringing about the admission of Piedmont to the
congress of Paris on an equal footing with the great powers. On retiring
from the foreign office Cibrario was created count. In 1860 he acted as
mediator between Victor Emmanuel's government and the republic of San
Marino, and arranged a treaty by which the latter's liberties were
guaranteed. After the war of 1866 by which Austria lost Venetia,
Cibrario negotiated with that government for the restitution of state
papers and art treasures removed by it from Lombardy and Venetia to
Vienna. He died in October 1870, near Salo, on the lake of Garda.

His most important work was his _Economia politica del medio evo_
(Turin, 1839), which enjoyed great popularity at the time, but is now of
little value. His _Schiavitu e servaggio_ (Milan, 1868-1869) gave an
account of the development and abolition of slavery and serfdom. Among
his historical writings the following deserve mention:--_Delle
artiglierie dal 1300 al 1700_ (Turin, 1847); _Origini ... della
monarchia di Savoia_ (Turin, 1854); _Degli ordini cavallereschi_ (Turin,
1846); _Degli ordini religiosi_ (Turin, 1845); and the _Memorie Segrete_
of Charles Albert, written by order of Victor Emmanuel but afterwards
withdrawn. Cibrario was a good example of the loyal, industrious, honest
Piedmontese aristocrat of the old school.

His biography has been written by F. Odorici, _Il Conte L. Cibrario_
(Florence, 1872). (L. V.*)

CICADA (_Cicadidae_), insects of the homopterous division of the
Hemiptera, generally of large size, with the femora of the anterior legs
toothed below, two pairs of large clear wings, and prominent compound
eyes. Cicadas are chiefly remarkable for the shrill song of the males,
which in some cases may be heard in concert at a distance of a quarter
of a mile or more. The vocal organs, of which there is a pair in the
thorax, protected by an opercular plate, are quite unlike the sounding
organs of other insects. Each consists in essence of a tightly stretched
membrane or drum which is thrown into a state of rapid vibra