ury, taken from all the
philosophical writings, now preserved, also from the _de Oratore_.[17]

The other works of Cicero are seldom mentioned. The most popular
speeches were those against Catiline, the _Verrines_, _Caesarianae_
and _Philippics_, to which may be added the spurious _Controversia_. A
larger knowledge of the speeches is shown by Wibald, abbot of Corvey,
who in 1146 procured from Hildesheim a MS. containing with the
_Philippics_ the speeches against Rullus, wishing to form a _corpus_
of Ciceronian works.[18] Gerbert (afterwards Pope Silvester II.,
940-1003) was especially interested in the speeches, and in a letter
to a friend (_Epist._ 86) advises him to take them with him when
journeying. The letters are rarely mentioned. The abbey of Lorsch
possessed in the 9th century five MSS. containing "Letters of Cicero,"
but those to Atticus are only mentioned once, in the catalogue of
Cluny written in the 12th century.[19] Letters of Cicero were known to
Wibald of Corvey, also to Servatus Lupus, abbot of Ferrieres
(805-832), who prosecuted in the 9th century a search for MSS. which
reminds us of the Italian humanists in the 15th century. A good deal
of textual criticism must have been devoted to Cicero's works during
this period. The earliest critic was Tiro, who, as we know from Aulus
Gellius (i. 7. 1), corrected MSS. which were greatly valued as
containing his recension. We have a very interesting colophon to the
speeches against Rullus, in which Statilius Maximus states that he had
corrected the text by the help of a MS. giving the recension of Tiro,
which he had collated with five other ancient copies.[20]

It is interesting to notice that Servatus Lupus did similar work in
the 9th century. Thus, writing to Ansbald of Pruem, he says, "I will
collate the letters of Cicero which you sent with the copy which I
have so as to elicit the true reading, if possible, by comparing the
two."[21] He asks another correspondent to supply him with a copy of
the _Verrines_ or any other works for a similar purpose.

Brunetto Latini (d. ca. 1294), the master of Dante, translated the
_Caesarianae_ into Italian. Dante himself appears to be acquainted
only with the _Laelius_, _Cato Maior_, _de Officiis_, _de Finibus_,
_de Inventione_ and _Paradoxa_. Petrarch says that among his
countrymen Cicero was a great name, but was studied by few. Petrarch
himself soug