G. Boissier, _Ciceron et ses
amis_; Suringar, _Cicero de vita sua_ (Leiden, 1854); W. Warde Fowler,
_Social Life at Rome_ (1908); introductions to Tyrrell and Purser's
edition of the letters. (2) _Palaeographical._--Facsimiles of the
best-known MSS. are given by E. Chatelain in _Paleographie des
classiques latins_, parts 2, 3 and 7. Information regarding various
MSS. will be found in Halm, _Zur Handschriftenkunde der ciceronischen
Schriften_ (Munich, 1850); Deschamps, _Essai bibliographique sur
Ciceron_ (Paris, 1863) (an unscientific work); Lehmann, _De Ciceronis
ad Atticum epistulis recensendis_ (Berlin, 1892); _Anecdota
Oxoniensia_, classical series, parts vii., ix., x. (3) _Literary._--M.
Schanz, _Geschichte der roemischen Litteratur_, i, 194-274 (Muenchen,
1890). (4) _Linguistic._--Merguet, _Lexicon to Oratorical and
Philosophical Works_; Le Breton, _Etudes sur la langue et la grammaire
de Ciceron_ (Paris, 1901); Norden, _Die antike Kunstprosa_ (Leipzig,
1898); Th. Zielinski, _Das Clauselgesetz in Ciceros Reden_ (Leipzig,
1904). Much information on points of Ciceronian idiom and language
will be found in J.S. Reid's _Academica_ (London, 1885) and Landgraf's
_Pro Sext. Roscio_ (Erlangen, 1884). (5) _Legal._--A.H.J. Greenidge,
_The Legal Procedure of Cicero's Time_ (Oxford, 1901). (6)
_Philosophical._--An excellent account of Cicero as a philosopher is
given in the preface to Reid's edition of the _Academica_. (7)
_Editions_ (critical) of the complete texts.--Baiter-Halm (1845-1861);
C.F.W. Mueller (1880-1896); Oxford Classical Texts. (A. C. C.)

2. QUINTUS TULLIUS CICERO, brother of the orator and brother-in-law of
T. Pomponius Atticus, was born about 102 B.C. He was aedile in 67,
praetor in 62, and for the three following years propraetor in Asia,
where, though he seems to have abstained from personal aggrandizement,
his profligacy and ill-temper gained him an evil notoriety. After his
return to Rome, he heartily supported the attempt to secure his
brother's recall from exile, and was nearly murdered by gladiators in
the pay of P. Clodius Pulcher. He distinguished himself as one of Julius
Caesar's legates in the Gallic campaigns, served in Britain, and
afterwards under his brother in Cilicia. On the outbreak of the civil
war between Pompey and Caesar, Quintus, like Marcus, supported Pompey,
but after Pharsalus he deserted and made peace with Caesar, largely
owing t