he fulfilment of the stipulations of the treaty. It was
also occupied by the British in 1860.

CHUTE (Fr. for "fall," of water or the like; pronounced as "shoot," with
which in meaning it is identical), a channel or trough, artificial or
natural, down which objects such as timber, coal or grain may slide from
a higher to a lower level. The word is also used of a channel cut in a
dam or a river for the passage of floating timber, and in Louisiana and
on the Mississippi of a channel at the side of a river, or narrow way
between an island and the shore. The "Water-Chute" or water tobogganing,
is a Canadian pastime, which has been popular in London and elsewhere.
A steep wooden slope terminates in a shallow lake; down this run
flat-bottomed boats which rapidly increase their velocity until at the
end of the "chute" they dash into the water.

CHUTNEY, or CHUTNEE (Hindustani _chatni_), a relish or seasoning of
Indian origin, used as a condiment. It is prepared from sweet fruits
such as mangoes, raisins, &c., with acid flavouring from tamarinds,
lemons, limes and sour herbs, and with a hot seasoning of chillies,
cayenne pepper and spices.

CHUVASHES, or TCHUVASHES, a tribe found in eastern Russia. They form
about one-fourth of the population of the government of Kazan, and live
in scattered communities throughout the governments of Simbirsk, Samara,
Saratov, Orenburg and Perm. They have been identified with the Burtasses
of the Arab geographers, and many authorities think they are the
descendants of the ancient Bolgars. In general they physically resemble
the Finns, being round-headed, flat-featured and light-eyed, but they
have been affected by long association with the Tatar element. In dress
they are thoroughly Russianized, and they are nominally Christians,
though they cling to many of the Old Shamanistic practices. They number
some half a million. Their language belongs to the Tatar or Turkish
group, but has been strongly influenced by the Finno-Ugrian idioms
spoken round it.

See Schott, _De Lingua Tschuwaschorum_ (Berlin, 1841).

CIALDINI, ENRICO (1811-1892), Italian soldier, politician and
diplomatist, was born at Castelvetro, in Modena, on the 10th of August
1811. In 1831 he took part in the insurrection at Modena, fleeing
afterwards to Paris, whence he proceeded to Spain to fight against the
Carlists. Returning to Italy in 1848, he commanded a regiment at the
battle of Novara. In 1859 h