Script._ xvii., a very full account; P.P. Vergerius, _Vitae
Carrarensium, ibid._ xii., untrustworthy; Verci, _Storia della Marca
Trivigiana_ (Venice, 1789); P. Litta, _Le Famiglie celebri italiane_,
vol. iii. (Milan, 1831); W. Lenel, _Studien zur Geschichte Paduas und
Veronas im XIII. Jahrh._ (Strassburg, 1893); G. Cittadella, _Storia
della Dominazione Carrarese in Padova_ (Padua, 1842); and Horatio
Brown's brilliant essay on "The Carraresi" in his _Studies in Venetian
History_ (London, 1907). (L. V.*)

CARRARA, a town of Tuscany, Italy, in the province of Massa e Carrara,
390 ft. above sea-level, 3 m. by rail N.N.E. of Avenza, which is 16 m.
E.S.E. of Spezia. Pop. (1881) 26,325; (1905) town, 38,100; commune,
48,493. The cathedral (1272-1385) is a fine Gothic building dating from
the period of Pisan supremacy; the other churches, and indeed all the
principal buildings of the town, are constructed of the local marble, to
which the place owes its importance. The Accademia di Belle Arti
contains several Roman antiquities found in the quarries, and some
modern works by local sculptors. A large theatre was inaugurated in
1892. Some of the quarries were worked in Roman times (see LUNA), but
were abandoned after the downfall of the western empire, until the
growth of Pisan architecture and sculpture in the 12th and 13th
centuries created a demand for it. The quarries now extend over almost
the whole of the Apuan Alps, and some 600 of them are being worked, of
which 345, with 4400 workmen, are at Carrara itself, and 50 (700 men)
at Massa. The amount exported in 1899 was 180,000 tons. The quarries are
served by a separate railway, with several branch lines.

CARREL, JEAN BAPTISTE NICOLAS ARMAND (1800-1836), French publicist, was
born at Rouen on the 8th of May 1800. His father was a merchant in good
circumstances, and he received a liberal education at the college of
Rouen, afterwards attending the military school at St Cyr. He had an
intense admiration for the great generals of Napoleon, and his
uncompromising spirit, bold uprightness and independent views marked him
as a man to be suspected. Entering the army as sub-lieutenant he took a
secret but active part in the unsuccessful conspiracy of Belfort. On the
outbreak of war with Spain in 1823, Carrel, whose sympathies were
altogether with the liberal cause, sent in his resignation, and
succeeded in effecting his escape to Barcelona. He enrolled