neighbouring regions, and only found in
the Alpine region. Cattle and sheep are pastured in great numbers on
its slopes.

Minerals.

The Carpathian system is richer in metallic ores than any other
mountain system of Europe, and contains large quantities of gold,
silver, copper, iron, lead, coal, petroleum, salt, zinc, &c., besides
a great variety of useful mineral. A great number of mineral springs
and thermal waters are found in the Carpathians, many of which have
become frequented watering-places.

History.

The systematic and scientific exploration of the Carpathians dates
only from the beginning of the 19th century. The first ascension of
the Lomnitzer peak in the High Tatra was made by one David or Johann
Frohlich in 1615. The first account of the Tatra Mountains was written
by Georg Buchholz, a resident of Kesmark in 1664. The English
naturalist, Robert Townson, explored the Tatra in 1793 and 1794, and
was the first to make a few reliable measurements. The results of his
exploration appeared in his book, _Travels in Hungary_, published in
1797. But the first real important work was undertaken by the Swedish
naturalist, Georg Wablenberg (1780-1851), who in 1813 explored the
central Carpathians as a botanist, but afterwards also made
topographical and geological studies of the system. The results of all
the former explorations were embodied by A. von Sydow in an extensive
work published in 1827. During the 19th century the measurements of
the various parts of the Carpathians was undertaken by the ordnance
survey of the Austrian army, which published their first map of the
central Carpathians in 1870. A great stimulus to the study of this
mountain system was given by the foundation of the Hungarian
Carpathian Society in 1873, and a great deal of information has been
added to our knowledge since. In 1880 two new Carpathian societies
were formed: a Galician and a Transylvanian.

AUTHORITIES.--F.W. Hildebrandt, _Karpathenbilder_ (Glogau, 1863); E.
Sagorski and G. Schneider, _Flora Carpatorum Centralium_ (2 vols.,
Leipzig, 1891); Muriel Dowie, _A Girl in the Carpathians_ (London,
1891); _Orohydrographisches Tableau der Karpathen_ (Vienna, 1886), in
six maps of scale 1:750,000; V. Uhlig, "Bau und Bild der Karpaten," in
_Bau und Bild Osterreichs_ (Vienna, 1903). (O. Br.; P. La.)

FOOTNOTE:

[1] The name is derived from the S