_twt_, _tmt_, &c.,
are emphatic forms.

Many of the above absolute pronouns were almost obsolete even in the
Old Kingdom. In ordinary texts some survive, especially as objects of
verbs, namely, _wi_, _tw_, _tn_, _sw_, _st_. The suffixes of all
numbers and persons except the dual were in full use throughout, to
Coptic; _sn_, however, giving way to a new suffix, _-w_, which
developed first in the New Kingdom.

Another absolute pronoun of the first person is _ink_, [Coptic: Anoch]
like Heb. [Hebrew: Anochi]. It is associated with a series for the
second and third persons: _nt-k_, _nt-t_, _nt-f_, _nt-sn_, &c.; but
from their history, use and form, it seems probable that the last are
of later formation, and are not to be connected with the Semitic
pronouns (chiefly of the 2nd person) resembling them.

_DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS_

There are several series based on m. _p_; f. _t_; pl. _n_; but _n_ as
a plural seems later than the other two. From them are developed a
weak demonstrative to which possessive suffixes can be attached,
producing the definite and possessive articles (_p'_, _t'_, _n'_,
"the," _p'y-f_, "his," _p'y-s_ "her," &c.) of Middle Egyptian and the
later language.

_NOUNS_

Two genders, m. (ending _w_, or nothing), f. (ending _t_). Three
numbers: singular, dual (m. _wi_, f. _ti_, gradually became obsolete),
plural (m. _w_; f. _wt_). No case-endings are recognizable, but
construct forms--to judge by Coptic--were in use. Masculine and
feminine nouns of instrument or material are formed from verbal roots
by prefixing _m_; e.g. _m.sdm.t_, "stibium," from _sdm_, "paint the
eye." Substantives and adjectives are formed from substantives and
prepositions by the addition of _y_ in the masculine; e.g. _n.t_,
"city," _nt.y_, "belonging to a city," "citizen"; _hr_, "upon," _hr.y_
(f. _hr.t_; pl. _hr.w)_, "upper." This is not unlike the Semitic
_nisbe_ ending _iy_, _ay_ (e.g. Ar. _beled_, "city," _beledi_,
"belonging to a city"). Adjectives follow the nouns they qualify.

_NUMERALS_

1, _w'_; 2, _sn_; 3, _hmt_; 4, _fdw_; 5, _dw'_; 6, _sis_ (or _sw'_ ?);
7, _sfh_; 8, _hmn_; 9, _psd_; 10, _mt_. 2, 6, 7, 8 and 9 (?) resemble
Semitic numerals. 20 and 30 (_m'b_) had special names; 40-90 were
named as if plurals of the units 4-9, as in Semitic. 100, _snt_; 1000,
_h'_; 10,000, _zb'_; 100,000, _hfnw_.

_VERBS_

The forms observable i