[HRG: A1]; of a person or a man's name.

[HRG: pr]; of buildings.

[HRG: niwt]; of inhabited places.

[HRG: xAst]; of foreign countries.

[HRG: qmA]; club; of foreigners.

[HRG: A2]; of all actions of the mouth--eating and speaking,
likewise silence and hunger.

[HRG: N35B]; ripple-lines; of liquid.

[HRG: F27]; hide; of animals, also leather, &c.

[HRG: Hn]; of plants and fibres.

[HRG: N33:Z5]; of flesh.

[HRG: mDAt]; a sealed papyrus-roll; of books, teaching, law, and of
abstract ideas generally.

In the earliest inscriptions the use of determinatives is restricted
to the [HRG: A1], [HRG: B1], &c., after proper names, but it developed
immensely later, so that few words beyond the particles were written
without them in the normal style after the Old Kingdom.

Some few signs ideographic of a group of ideas are made to express
particular words belonging to that group by the aid of phonograms
which point out the special meaning. In such cases the ideogram is not
merely a determinative nor yet quite a word-sign. Thus [HRG: qmA-m] =
[HRG: a-A-m-qmA] "Semite," [HRG: qmA-nw] = [HRG: T-H-n:nw-qmA]
"Libyan," &c., but [HRG: qmA] cannot stand by itself for the name of
any particular foreign people. So also in monogram [HRG: Sm] is
_sm_ "go," [HRG: zb] is "conduct."

_Orthography._--The most primitive form of spelling in the
hieroglyphic system would be by one sign for each word, and the
monuments of the Ist Dynasty show a decided tendency to this mode.
Examples of it in later times are preserved in the royal cartouches,
for here the monumental style demanded special consciseness. Thus, for
instance, the name of Tethmosis III.--MN-HPR-R'--is spelled [HRG:
hrw-mn-xpr] (as R' is the name of the sun-god, with customary
deference to the deity it is written first though pronounced last). A
number of common words--prepositions, &c.--with only one consonant are
spelled by single alphabetic signs in ordinary writing. Word-signs
used singly for the names of objects are generally marked with | in
classical writing, as [HRG: Z91-ib:Z1], _ib_, "heart," [HRG: Hr:Z1],
_hr_, "face," &c.

But the use of bare word-signs is not common. Flexional consonants are
almost always marked by phonograms, except in very early times; as
when the feminine word [HRG: D] = _z.t_, "cobra," is spelled [HRG:
D:t*Z1]. Also, if a