The cutting edge was about 1/2 in. wide for flaking tools
(36), which were not kept sharp, and 1 in. wide for facing tools (37)
which had a good edge. In Greek times the iron chisels are shorter and
merge into wedges (39). The socketed or mortising chisel (38) is unknown
till the Italian bronze of the 8th century B.C., and the Naucratis iron
of the 6th century. Adzes begin in S.D. 56, as plain slips of copper
(40) 4 to 6 in. long, about 1 wide and 1/8th thick. The square end was
rounded in the early dynastic times, and went through a series of
changes down to the XIXth Dynasty. Adzes of iron are probably of Greek
times. A fine instance of a handle about 4 ft. long is represented in
the IIIrd Dynasty (P.M. XI.). The adze (41) was used not only for
wood-work but also for dressing limestone.

_Scraping Tools._--Flint scrapers are found from S.D. 40 and onward. The
rectangular scraper (42) began in S.D. 63, and continued into the IInd
Dynasty: the flake with rounded ends (43) was used from the Ist to the
IVth Dynasty (P. Ab. i. xiv., xv.). Round scrapers were also made (44).
Flint scrapers were used in dressing down limestone sculpture in the
IIIrd Dynasty. Rasps of conical form (45), made of a sheet of bronze
punched and coiled round, were common in the XVIIIth Dynasty, apparently
as personal objects, possibly used for rasping dried bread. In the
Assyrian iron tools of the 7th century B.C. the long straight rasp (46)
is exactly of the modern type. The saw is first found as a notched
bronze knife of the IIIrd Dynasty. Larger toothed saws (47) are often
represented in the IVth-VIth Dynasty, as used by carpenters. There are
no dated specimens till the Assyrian iron saws (48) of the 7th century
B.C. Drills were of flint (49) for hard material and bead-making, of
bronze for woodwork. In the Assyrian tools iron drills are of slightly
twisted scoop form (50), and of centre-bit type with two scraping edges
(51). In Roman times the modern V drill (52) is usual. The drill was
worked by a stock with a loose cap (53), rotated by a drill bow, in the
XIIth to Roman dynasties. The pump drill with cords twisted round it was
in Roman use. The bow drill (56) was used as a fire drill to rotate wood
(55) on wood (57); and the cap (54) for such use was of hard stone with
a highly polished hollow. The drill brace appears to have been used by
Assyrians in the 7th century B.C. Piercers of bronze tapering (58), to
enlarge holes in leather, &c., we