_Kahun_;
P.M. " _Medum_;
P.N. " _Naqada_;
P.R.T. " _Royal Tombs_;
P.S. " _Season in Egypt_;
P.S.T. " _Six Temples_;
P.T. " _Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh_;
P.T. ii. " _Tanis, ii._;
Q.H. Quibell, _Hieraconpolis_. (W. M. F. P.)

_Monuments._--The principal monuments that are yet remaining to
illustrate the art and history of Egypt may be best taken in historical
order. Of the prehistoric age there are many rock carvings, associated
with others of later periods: they principally remain on the sandstone
rocks about Silsila, and their age is shown by the figures of ostriches
which were extinct in later times. One painted tomb was found at Nekhen
(Hieraconpolis), now in the Cairo Museum; the brick walls were
colour-washed and covered with irregular groups of men, animals and
ships, painted with red, black and green. The cemeteries otherwise only
contain graves, cut in gravel or brick lined, and formerly roofed with
poles and brushwood. The Ist to IIIrd Dynasties have left at Abydos
large forts of brickwork, remains of two successive temples, and the
royal tombs (see ABYDOS). Elsewhere are but few other monuments; at Wadi
Maghara in Sinai is a rock sculpture of Semerkhet of the Ist Dynasty in
perfect state, at Giza is a group of tombs of a prince and retinue of
the Ist Dynasty, and at Giza and Bet Khallaf are two large brick
mastabas with extensive passages closed by trap-doors, of kings of the
IIIrd Dynasty. The main structure of this age is the step-pyramid of
Sakkara, which is a mastaba tomb with eleven successive coats of
masonry, enlarging it to about 350 by 390 ft. and 200 ft. high. In the
interior is sunk in the rock a chamber 24 x 23 ft. and 77 ft. high, with
a granite sepulchre built in the floor of it, and various passages and
chambers branching from it. The doorway of one room (now in Berlin
Museum) was decorated with polychrome glazed tiles with the name of King
Neterkhet. The complex original work and various alterations of it need
thorough study, but it is now closed and research is forbidden.

[Illustration: FIG. 112.--Principal Types of Pottery of Ancient Egypt.
(Scale 1:20.)

EARLY PREHISTORIC 7000-6000 B.C.
LATER PREHISTORIC 6000-5000 B.C.
I^ST DYNASTY 4800-4500 B.C.
IV^TH-VI^TH DYNASTY 4000-3300 B.C.
XII^TH DYNASTY 2800-2500 B.C.
XVIII^TH DYNASTY 1500-1350 B.C.
XIX^TH DYNASTY 1300-1100 B.C.
XXVI^TH DYNASTY 700-500 B.C.]