s treated his conquest barbarously. From this brief re-establishment
of Persian dominion (counted by Manetho as Dynasty XXXI.) no document
survives except one papyrus that appears to be dated in the reign of
Darius III.

See J. H. Breasted, _A History of Egypt from the Earliest Times to the
Persian Conquest_ (New York and London, 1905); _A History of the
Ancient Egyptians_ (New York and London, 1908); _Ancient Records of
Egypt: Historical Documents from the Earliest Times to the Persian
Conquest, collected, edited and translated_ (5 vols., Chicago,
1906-1907); W. M. F. Petrie, _A History of Egypt_ (from the earliest
times to the XXXth Dynasty) (3 vols., London, 1899-1905); E. A. W.
Budge, _A History of Egypt_, vols. i-vii. (London, 1902); G. Maspero,
_Histoire ancienne des peuples de l'orient_ (6th ed., 1904), _The Dawn
of Civilization, The Struggle of the Nations, The Passing of the
Empires_ (London, 1904, &c.); P. E. Newberry and J. Garstang, _A Short
History of Ancient Egypt_ (London, 1904); G. Steindorff, _Die
Blutezeit des Pharaonenreiches_ (Dyn. XVIII.) (Bielefeld and Leipzig,
1900); H. Winckler, _The Tell el Amarna Letters_ (Berlin, London and
New York, 1896).

_The Conquest by Alexander._--When, in 332 B.C., after the battle of
Issus, Alexander entered Egypt, he was welcomed as a deliverer. The
Persian governor had not forces enough to oppose him, and he nowhere
experienced even the show of resistance. He visited Memphis, founded
Alexandria, and went on pilgrimage to the oracle of Ammon (Oasis of
Siwa). The god declared him to be his son, renewing thus an old Egyptian
convention or belief; Olympias was supposed to have been in converse
with Ammon, even as the mothers of Hatshepsut and Amenophis III. are
represented in the inscriptions of the Theban temples to have received
the divine essence. At this stage of his career the treasure and tribute
of Egypt were of great importance to the Macedonian conqueror. He
conciliated the inhabitants by the respect which he showed for their
religion; he organized the government of the natives under two officers,
who must have been already known to them (of these Petisis, an Egyptian,
soon resigned his share into the charge of his colleague Doloaspis, who
bears a Persian name.) But Alexander designed his Greek foundation of
Alexandria to be the capital, and entrusted the taxation of Egypt and
the control of its army and navy to Greeks. Early in 3