Dabod and Dakka were built by
the Ethiopian Ergamenes, contemporary of Ptolemy IV.; and the temple of
Dendur is of Augustus. The latest building of the temple style is the
White Monastery near Suhag. The external form is that of a great temple,
with windows added along the top; while internally it was a Christian
church. The modern dwellings in it have now been cleared out, and the
interior admirably preserved and cleaned by a native Syrian architect.

Beside the great monuments, which we have now noticed, the historical
material is found on several other classes of remains. These are: (1)
The royal tombs, which in the Vth, VIth, XVIIIth, XIXth and XXth
Dynasties are fully inscribed; but as the texts are always religious and
not historical, they are less important than many other remains. (2) The
royal coffins and wrappings, which give information by the added
graffiti recording their removals; (3) Royal tablets, which are of the
highest value for history, as they often describe or imply historical
events; (4) Private tombs and tablets, which are in many cases
biographical. (5) Papyri concerning daily affairs which throw light on
history; or which give historic detail, as the great papyrus of Rameses
III., and the trials under Rameses X. (6) The added inscriptions on
buildings by later restorers, and alterations of names for
misappropriation. (7) The statues which give the royal portraits, and
sometimes historical facts. (8) The _ostraca_, or rough notes of work
accounts, and plans drawn on pieces of limestone or pottery. (9) The
scarabs bearing kings' names, which under the Hyksos and in some other
dark periods, are our main source of information. (10) The miscellaneous
small remains of toilet objects, ornaments, weapons, &c., many of which
bear royal names.

Every object and monument with a royal name will be found catalogued
under each reign in Petrie's _History of Egypt_, 3 vols., the last
editions of each being the fullest. (W. M. F. P.)

F. _Chronology._--1. _Technical._--The standard year of the Ancient
Egyptians consisted of twelve months of thirty days[17] each, with five
epagomenal days, in all 365 days. It was thus an effective compromise
between the solar year and the lunar month, and contrasts very
favourably with the intricate and clumsy years of other ancient systems.
The leap-year of the Julian and Gregorian calendars confers the immense
benefit of a fixed correspondence to the seasons which