kers (83) and stone
sinkers (84) are often found under the XVIIIth-XXth Dynasties.

_Agricultural Tools._--The hoe of wood (85) is the main tool from the
late prehistoric time, and many have been found of the XVIIIth Dynasty.
With the handle lengthened (86) and turned forward, this became the
plough (87 is the hieroglyph, 88 the drawing, of a plough); this was
always sloping, and never the upright post of the Italic type. The rake
of wood (89) is usual in the XIIth and XVIIIth Dynasties. The fork (90),
used for tossing straw, was common in the Old Kingdom, but none has been
found. The sickle was of wood (92), with flints (91) inserted,
apparently a copy of the ox-jaw and teeth. The notched flints for it are
common from the Ist to the XVIIIth Dynasty. In Roman times the same
principle was followed, by making an iron sickle with a deep groove, in
which was inserted the cutting blade of steel (P.E. XXIX.).
Shovel-boards, to hold in right (93) or left hand for scraping up the
grain in winnowing, are usual in the XVIIIth Dynasty, and are figured in
use in the Old Kingdom Pruning knives with curved blades (94) are
Italic, and were made of iron by the Romans. Corn grinders were flat
oval stones, with a smaller one lying cross-ways (95), and slid from end
to end. Such were used from the Old Kingdom down to late times. In the
Roman period a larger stone was used, with a rectangular slab (96)
sliding on it, in which a long trough held the grain and let it slip out
below for grinding. The quern with rotary motion is late Roman, and
still used by Arabs. The large circular millstones of Roman age worked
by horse-power are usually made from slices of granite columns.

_Building Tools._--The adze described above was used for dressing blocks
of limestone. The brick-mould was an open frame, with one side prolonged
into a handle (97), exactly as the modern mould. The plasterers' floats
(98) were entirely cut out of wood. The mud rake for mixing mortar is
rather narrower than the modern form. The square (99) and plummet (100,
101) have remained unchanged since the XIXth Dynasty. For dressing flat
surfaces three wooden pegs (102) of equal length were used; a string was
stretched between the tops of two, and the third peg was set on the
point to be tested and tried against the string.

_Thread-Work._--Stone spindle whorls (103) are common in the prehistoric
age; wooden ones were usual, of a cylindrical form (104) in the XIIth,
and conical