once and for all;
even at the beginning of the 4th century the native Egyptian script
scarcely survived north of the Nubian frontier at Philae; a little
later it finally expired. The following eight signs, however, had been
taken over from demotic by the Copts:

[Coptic: shai] = _s_, from [HRG] _si_, dem. [sign], [SGN].

[Coptic: horee] = _h_, probably from [HRG] _hw_ (or [HRG] _hi_),
dem. [sign].

[Coptic: khai] (Boh.) = _h_, from [HRG] _hi_, dem. [SGN].

[Coptic: eksee] (Akhm.) = _h_, from [HRG], [HRG] _hy_, _ht_, dem.
[sign].

[Coptic: fai] = _f_, from [HRG] _f_, dem. [SGN].

[Coptic: cheema] = _c_ from [HRG] _k_ (or [HRG] _h_), dem.
[sign], [sign].

[Coptic: janja] = _g_, from [HRG] _di_ (or [HRG] _ti_), dem.
[sign], [sign].

[Coptic: tee] = _ti_, from [HRG] _dy.t_, dem. [SGN].

For origins of hieroglyphs, see Petrie's _Medum_ (1892); F. Ll.
Griffith, _A Collection of Hieroglyphs_ (1898); N. de G. Davies, _The
Mastaba of Ptahhetep and Akhethetep_, pt. i. (1900); M. A. Murray,
_Saqqara Mastabas_ (London, 1905); also Petrie and Griffith, _Two
Hieroglyphic Papyri from Tanis_ (London, 1889) (native sign-list); G.
Moller, _Hieratische Palaographie_ (Leipzig, 1909); Griffith,
_Catalogue of Demotic Papyri in the J. Rylands Collection_
(Manchester, 1909). (F. Ll. G.)

E. _Art and Archaeology._--In the following sections a general history
of the characteristics of Ancient Egyptian art is first given, showing
the variation of periods and essentials of style; and this is followed
by an account of the use made of material products, of the tools and
instruments employed, and of the monuments. For further details see also
the separate topographical headings (for excavations, &c.), and the
general articles on the various arts and art-materials (for references
to Egypt); also PYRAMIDS; MUMMY, &c.

_General Characteristics._

The wide and complex subject of Egyptian art will be treated here in six
periods: Prehistoric, Early Kings, Pyramid Kings, XIIth Dynasty,
XVIIIth-XXth Dynasties, XXVIth Dynasty and later. In each age will be
considered the (A) statuary, (B) reliefs, (C) painting.

_Prehistoric._--The earliest civilized population of Egypt was highly
skilled in mechanical accuracy and regularity, but had little sense of
organic forms. They kept the unfinished treatment of the limbs and
extremities which is so characteristic of