h.]_ }

[HRG] = _h_; in Coptic [Coptic: sai] (_sh_) or [Coptic: xai] (_kh_)
correspond to it.

[HRG] = _[h=]_; generally written with [HRG] (_[vs]_) in the Old
Kingdom, but [HRG] corresponds to _kh_ in Coptic.

[HRG] = _s_ } distinction lost at the end of the Old Kingdom.
[HRG] = _[/s]_ }

[HRG] = _[vs]_ (_sh_).

[HRG] = _q_; Coptic [Coptic: kappa].

[HRG] = _k_ } Coptic [Coptic: kappa]; or [Coptic: qima],
} [Coptic: dandia], according to dialect.
[HRG] = _g_ } Coptic [Coptic: kappa]; or [Coptic: qima].

[HRG] = _[t=]_; often lost at the end of words.

[HRG] = _t_ ([theta]); often changes to _t_, otherwise Coptic
[Coptic: tau]; or [Coptic: dandia], [Coptic: qima].

[HRG] = _d_; in Coptic reduced to _t_.

[HRG] = _d_ (_z_); often changes to _d_, Coptic [Coptic: tau];
otherwise in Coptic [Coptic: dandia].

_ROOTS_

Egyptian roots consist of consonants and semi-consonants only, the
inflexion being effected by internal vowel-change and the addition of
consonants or vowels at the beginning or end. The Egyptian system of
writing, as opposed to the Coptic, showed only the consonantal
skeletons of words: it could not record internal vowel-changes; and
semi-consonants, even when radicals, were often omitted in writing.

_PERSONAL PRONOUNS_

Sing. 1. c. _iw_ (?) later _wi_. Pl. 1. c. _n_. Du.
2. m. _kw_. 2. c. _tn_. 2. c. _tny_.
f. _tn_.
3. _m_. *_fy_, surviving only 3. m. _sn_, early lost, 3. c. _sny_.
in a special except as
verbal form. suffix.
f. _sy_. f. *_st_ surviving
as 3. c.

From these are derived the suffixes, which are shortened forms
attached to nouns to express the possessor, and to verbs to express
the subject. In the latter case the verb was probably in the
participle, so that _sdmii-sn_, "they hear," is literally "hearing
are they." The singular suffixes are: (1) c. _-i_; (2) m. _-k_, f.
_-t_; (3) m. _-f_, f. _-[/s]_;--the dual and plural have no special
forms.

Another series of absolute pronouns is: (2) m. _twt_, _tw_; f. _tmt_,
_tm_; (3) m. _swt_, _sw_; f. _stt_, _st_. Of these