undertaken. The whole force of the allies was about
20,000 men, scattered along the seaboard of Peru. The Chileans on the
other hand had a striking force of 16,000 men in the neighbourhood of
Antofagasta, and of this nearly half was embarked for Pisagua on the
26th of October. The expeditionary force landed, in the face of
considerable opposition, on the 2nd of November, and captured Pisagua.
From Pisagua the Peruvians and Bolivians fell back along the railway to
their reinforcements, and when some 10,000 men had been collected they
moved forward to attack the Chilean position of San Francisco near
Dolores station (19th November). In the end the Chileans were
victorious, but their only material gain was the possession of Iquique
and the retreat of the allies, who fell back inland towards Tarapaca.
The tardy pursuit of the Chileans ended in the battle of Tarapaca on the
27th. In this the allies were at first surprised, but, rapidly
recovering themselves, took the offensive, and after a murderous fight,
in which more men were killed than were wounded, the Chileans suffered a
complete defeat. For some inexplicable reason the allies made no use of
their victory, continued to retreat and left the Chileans in complete
possession of the Tarapaca region. With this the campaign of 1879 ended.
Chile had taken possession of the Bolivian seaboard and of the Peruvian
province of Tarapaca, and had destroyed the hostile navy.

The objective of the Chileans in the second campaign was the province
of Tacna and the field force of the allies at Tacna and Arica. The
invasion was again carried out by sea, and 12,000 Chileans were landed
at Pacocha (Ylo), far to the N. of Arica. Careful preparations were
made for a desert march, and on the 12th of March 1880 the advanced
corps started inland for Moquegua, which was occupied on the 20th.
Near Moquegua the Peruvians, some 2000 strong, took up an unusually
strong position in the defile of Cuesta de los Angeles. But the great
numerical superiority of the assailants enabled them to turn the
flanks and press the front of the Peruvian position, and after a
severe struggle the defence collapsed (March 22nd), In April the army
began its advance southward from Moquegua to Tacna, while the Chilean
warships engaged in a series of minor naval operations in and about
the bay of Callao. Arica was also watched, and the blockade was
extended north of Lima. The land campaign had e