tion the long-tailed _P. reevesi_. The Himalayan bamboo-partridges
(_Bambusicola_) have also a Chinese representative. The only other
large bird that can be mentioned is the Manchurian crane, misnamed
_Grus japonensis_. Pigeons include the peculiar subgenus
_Dendroteron_; while among smaller birds, warblers, tits and finches,
all of an Eastern Holarctic type, constitute the common element in the
avifauna. Little would be gained by naming the genera, peculiar or
otherwise.

China has a few peculiar types of freshwater tortoises, among which
_Ocadia sinensis_ represents a genus unknown elsewhere, while there is
also a species of the otherwise Indian genus _Damonia_. The Chinese
alligator, _Alligator sinensis_, has been already mentioned. Among
lizards, the genera _Plestiodon_, _Mabuia_, _Tachydromus_ and _Gecko_,
of which the two latter are very characteristic of the Oriental
region, range through China to Japan; and among snakes, the Malay
python (_Python reticulatus_) is likewise Chinese. The giant
salamander (_Cryptobranchus_, or _Megalobatrachus, maximus_)
represents, as mentioned above, a type found elsewhere only in North
America, while _Hynobius_ and _Onychodactylus_ are peculiar generic
types of salamanders. Among fishes, it must suffice to refer to the
spoon-beaked sturgeon (_Psephurus_) of the Yangtsze-kiang, and the
numerous members of the carp family to be found in the rivers of
China. From these native carp the Chinese have produced two highly
coloured breeds, the goldfish and the telescope-eyed carp.

Among the invertebrates special mention may be made of the great
ailanthus silk-moth (_Attacus cynthia_) of northern China and Japan,
and also of its Manchurian relative _A. pernyi_; while it may be added
that the domesticated "silkworm" (_Bombyx mori_) is generally believed
to be of Chinese origin, although this is not certain. Very
characteristic of China is the abundance of handsomely coloured
swallow-tailed butterflies of the family _Papilionidae_. The Chinese
kermes (_Coccus sinensis_) is also worth mention, on account of it
yielding wax. As regards land and freshwater snails, China exhibits a
marked similarity to Siam and India; the two groups in which the
Chinese province displays decided peculiarities of its own being
_Helix_ (in the wider sense) and _Clausilia_. There are, for instance,
nearly half a score of subgenera of _Helix_