China.

A railway (German concession) starts from Kiao-chow and runs westward
through Shan-tung to Chinan Fu, whence an extension farther west to
join the main Lu-Han line at Cheng-ting Fu in Chih-li was undertaken.
Westward from Cheng-ting Fu a line financed by the Russo-Chinese Bank
runs to T'ai-yuen Fu in Shan-si.

Another main north and south railway parallel to, but east of, the
Lu-Han line and following more or less the route of the Grand Canal,
is designed to connect Tientsin, Su-chow (in Kiang-su), Chin-kiang,
Nanking, Shanghai, Hang-chow and Ning-po. The southern section
(Nanking, Shanghai, &c.) was open in 1909. This Tientsin-Ning-po
railway connects at Chinan-Fu with the Shan-tung lines.

A third north and south line starts from Kiu-Kiang on the Yangtsze
below Hankow and traversing the centre of Kiang-si province will join
the Canton-Hankow line at Shao-Chow in Kwang-tung province. The
construction of the first section, Kiu-Kiang to Nanchang (76 m.),
began in 1910.

In southern China besides the main Canton to Hankow railway (under
construction) a line (120 m. long) runs from Canton to Kowloon
(opposite Hong-Kong), and there are local lines running inland from
Swatow and Fuchow. The French completed in 1909 a trunk line (500 m.
long) from Haiphong in Tong King to Yun-nan Fu, the capital of
Yun-nan, some 200 m. being in Chinese territory. The French hold
concessions for railways in Kwang-si and Kwang-tung. The British
government has the right to extend the Burma railway system through
Yun-nan and north to the Yangtsze.

There are local lines in Hu-nan and Ho-nan which connect with the
trunk line from Canton to Peking. The Peking-Kalgan line (122 m. long)
is a distinct undertaking. The Chinese propose to continue it another
530 m. north-westward to Urga in Mongolia, and an eventual junction
with the trans-Siberian railway in the neighbourhood of Lake Baikal is
contemplated. This line would greatly shorten the distance between
Moscow and Peking.

In 1910 there were open for traffic in China (not reckoning the
Russian and Japanese systems in Manchuria, _q.v._) over 3000 m. of
railway, and 1500 m. of trunk lines were under construction.

Roads, rivers, and canals.

China is traversed in all directions by roads. Very few are paved of
metalled and nearly all are badly kept; speaking generally, the
government spends nothing in