in the reserve and four in the territorial army. The Japanese system
of training is followed. Reservists are called out for 30 days every
year and the territorialists for 30 days every other year.

Up to 1909 six divisions and one mixed brigade of the northern army
had been organized in Shan-tung, Chih-li and Ho-nan; elsewhere three
divisions and six mixed brigades; total strength about 60,000 with 350
guns. (These figures do not include all the provincial foreign trained
troops.) The efficiency of the troops varied; the northern army was
superior to the others in training and armament. About a third of the
60,000 men of the new army were in 1909 stationed in Manchuria (See
also Sec. _History_.)

An imperial edict of the 15th of September 1907 reorganized the army
of the Green Standard. It was placed under the control of the minister
of war and formed in battalions and squadrons. The duty of the troops
in peace time remained much as previously. In war they pass under the
control of regular officers, though their use outside their own
provinces does not seem to be contemplated.

Navy.

The Chinese navy in 1909 consisted of the 4300 ton cruiser "Hai Chi"
(two 8-in., ten 4.7-in. guns) of 24 knot original speed, three 3000
ton cruisers, "Hai Yung," "Hai Schew" and "Hai Shen" (three 6-in.,
eight 4-in. guns) of 19.5 knot original speed, some modern gunboats
built in Japan, a few miscellaneous vessels and some old torpedo
boats. With the destruction of the northern fleet by the Japanese at
the capture of Wei-hai-wei in 1895, the Chinese navy may be said to
have ceased to exist. Previously it consisted of two divisions, the
northern and southern, of which the former was by far the more
formidable. The southern was under the control of the viceroy of
Nanking, and took no part in the Chino-Japanese War. While the
northern fleet was grappling in a death-struggle, the southern was
lying snugly in the Yangtsze waters, the viceroy of Nanking apparently
thinking that as the Japanese had not attacked him there was no reason
why he should risk his ships.

_The New Scheme._--An edict of the 15th of July 1909 created a naval
and military advisory board. Nimrod Sound, centrally situated on the
coast of Cheh-kiang, was chosen as naval base, and four naval schools
were ordered to be established; a navigation school at Chifu, an
engineering school at Whampoa,