encies_. This
is the standard authority for the country and gives for each section
bibliographical notes. It has been used in the revision of the present
article. Valuable information on northern, central and western China
is furnished by Col. C.C. Manifold and Col. A.W.S. Wingate in the
_Geog. Journ._ vol. xxiii. (1904) and vol. xxix. (1907). Consult also
Marshall Broomhall (ed.), _The Chinese Empire: a General and
Missionary Survey_ (London, 1907); B. Willis, E. Blackwelder and
others, _Research in China_, vol. i. part i. "Descriptive Topography
and Geology," part ii. "Petrography and Zoology," and Atlas
(Washington, Carnegie Institution, 1906-1907); Forbes and Hemsley,
"Enumeration of Chinese Plants," in _Journ. Linnean Soc. (Bot.)_,
vols. xxiii. and xxxvi.; Bretschneider, _History of European Botanical
Discoveries in China_; E. Tiessen, _China das Reich der achtzehn
Provinzen_, Teil i. "Die allgemeine Geographie des Landes" (Berlin,
1902); and _The China Sea Directory_ (published by the British
Admiralty), a valuable guide to the coasts: vol. ii. (5th ed., 1906)
deals with Hong-Kong and places south thereof, vol. iii. (4th ed.,
1906, supp. 1907) with the rest of the Chinese coast; vol. i. (5th
ed., 1906) treats of the islands and straits in the S.W. approach to
the China Sea. Much of China has not been surveyed, but considerable
progress has been made since 1900. _The Atlas of the Chinese Empire_
(London, 1908), a good general atlas, which, however, has no hill
shading, gives maps of each province on the scale of 1:3,000,000. The
preface contains a list of the best regional maps.

_The Journal af the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society_
contains papers on all subjects relating to China.

II. THE PEOPLE

Population.

China is noted for the density of its population, but no accurate
statistics are forthcoming. The province of Shan-tung is reputed to
have a population of 680 per sq. m. The provinces of central China, in
the basin of the Yangtsze-kiang--namely Sze-ch'uen, Hu-peh, Ngan-hui,
Kiang-su and Cheh-kiang--contain probably a third of thes total
population, the density of the people in these provinces being
represented as from 490 to 310 per sq. m. Ho-nan, which belongs partly
to the basin of the Hwang-ho and partly to that of the Yangtsze-kiang,
as well as the S.E. coast provinces of Fu-kien and Kwang-tung, are also
densely peopled, Ho-nan being