particularly well marked in "Johanna," and they would doubtless be
still more noticeable in the male of the same race, which seems to be
undoubtedly du Chaillu's kulu-kamba. Still the large size and
prominence of the ears proclaim that both "Mafuka" and "Johanna" were
chimpanzees and not gorillas. A gorilla-like feature in "Johanna" is,
however, the presence of large folds at the sides (_ala_) of the
nostrils, which are absent in the typical chimpanzee, but in the
gorilla extend down to the upper lip. Chimpanzees exhibit great
docility in confinement, where, however, they seldom survive for any
great length of time. They likewise display a much higher degree of
intelligence than any of the other man-like apes. (See PRIMATES.)
(R. L.*)

CHINA, a country of eastern Asia, the principal division of the Chinese
empire. In addition to China proper the Chinese Empire includes
Manchuria, Mongolia, Tibet and Sin-kiang (East Turkestan, Kulja,
Dzungaria, &c., _i.e._ all the Chinese dependencies lying between
Mongolia on the north and Tibet on the south). Its most southern point
is in 18 deg. 50' N.; its most northern in 53 deg. 25' N.; its most western in
74 deg. E., and its most eastern in 135 deg. E. It lies, however, mainly between
20 deg. and 50 deg. N. and 80 deg. and 130 deg. E. It is considerably larger than the
whole of Europe. Though its area has not been exactly ascertained the
various estimates closely approximate, varying between 4,277,000 and
4,300,000 sq. m. It is bounded N.W., N. and N.E. by Asiatic Russia,
along a frontier extending some 6000 m.; E. by Korea and those parts of
the Pacific known as the Yellow Sea and China Sea; S. and S.W. by the
China Sea, French Indo-China, Upper Burma and the Himalayan states. It
is narrowest in the extreme west. Chinese Turkestan along the meridian
of Kashgar (76 deg. E.) has a breadth of but 250 m. It rapidly broadens and
for the greater part of its area is over 1800 m. across in a direct N.
and S. line. Its greatest length is from the N.E. corner of Manchuria to
the S.W. confines of Tibet, a distance of 3100 m. in a direct line. Its
seaboard, about 5000 m. following the indentations of the coast, is
almost, wholly in China proper, but the peninsula of Liao-tung and also
the western shores of the Gulf of Liao-tung are in Manchuria.

China[1] proper or the Eighteen Provinces (_Shih-pa-sheng_) occupies the
south-eastern part of the empire. It is