ind still exists and in former times grants of land were
given to priests and, as in India, recorded on copper plates.
Offerings to old statues are still made and the Tenggerese[389] are
not even nominal Mohammedans. The Balinese still profess a species of
Hinduism and employ a Hindu Calendar.

From the tenth century onwards the history of Java becomes a little
plainer.

Copper plates dating from about 900 A.D. mention Mataram. A certain
Mpoe Sindok was vizier of this kingdom in 919, but ten years later we
find him an independent king in east Java. He lived at least
twenty-five years longer and his possessions included Pasoeroean,
Soerabaja and Kediri. His great-grandson, Er-langga (or Langghya), is
an important figure. Er-langga's early life was involved in war, but
in 1032 he was able to call himself, though perhaps not with great
correctness, king of all Java. His memory has not endured among the
Javanese but is still honoured in the traditions of Bali and Javanese
literature began in his reign or a little earlier. The poem
Arjuna-vivaha is dedicated to him, and one book of the old Javanese
prose translation of the Mahabharata bears a date equivalent to 996
A.D.[390]

One of the national heroes of Java is Djajabaja[391] who is supposed
to have lived in the ninth century. But tradition must be wrong here,
for the free poetic rendering of part of the Mahabharata called
Bharata-Yuddha, composed by Mpoe Sedah in 1157 A.D., is dedicated
to him, and his reign must therefore be placed later than the
traditional date. He is said to have founded the kingdom of Daha in
Kediri, but his inscriptions merely indicate that he was a worshipper
of Vishnu. Literature and art flourished in east Java at this
period for it would seem that the Kawi Ramayana and an _ars poetica_
called Vritta-sancaya[392] were written about 1150 and that the
temple of Panataran was built between 1150 and 1175.

In western Java we have an inscription of 1030 found on the river
Tjitjatih. It mentions a prince who is styled Lord of the World and
native tradition, confirmed by inscriptions, which however give few
details, relates that in the twelfth century a kingdom called
Padjadjaran was founded in the Soenda country south of Batavia by
princes from Toemapel in eastern Java.

There is a gap in Javanese history from the reign of Djajabaja till
1222 at which date the Pararaton,[393] or Book of the Kings of
Toemapel and Madjapahit, begins to furnish info