254: Jiva, ajiva, asrava, bandha, samvara, nirjara, moksha.
The principles are sometimes made nine by the addition of _punya_,
merit, and _papa_, sin.]

[Footnote 255: Paudgalikam karma. It would seem that all these ideas
about Karma should be taken in a literal and material sense. Karma,
which is a specially subtle form of matter able to enter, stain and
weigh down the soul, is of eight kinds (1 and 2) jnana- and
darsana-varaniya impede knowledge and faith, which the soul naturally
possesses; (3) mohaniya causes delusion; (4) vedaniya brings pleasure
and pain; (5) ayushka fixes the length of life; (6) nama furnishes
individual characteristics, and (7) gotra generic; (8) antaraya hinders
the development of good qualities.]

[Footnote 256: Kevalam also called Jnana, moksha, nirvana. The nirvana
of the Jains is clearly not incompatible with the continuance of
intelligence and knowledge.]

[Footnote 257: Uttaradhyayana XXXVI. 64-68 in _S.B.E._ XLV. pp.
212-213.]

[Footnote 258: _S.B.E._ XLV. p. xxvii. Bhandarkar Report for 1883-4, pp.
95 ff.]

[Footnote 259: Somewhat similar seems to be the relation of Jainism to
the Vaiseshika philosophy. It accepted an early form of the atomic
theory and this theory was subsequently elaborated in the philosophy
whose founder Kanada was according to the Jains a pupil of a Jain
ascetic.]

[Footnote 260: _E.g._ see Acaranga S. I. 7. 6.]

[Footnote 261: They seem to have authority to formulate it in a form
suitable to the needs of the age. Thus we are told that Parsva enjoined
four vows but Mahavira five.]

[Footnote 262: When Gotama after attaining Buddhahood was on his way to
Benares he met Upaka, a naked ascetic, to whom he declared that he was
the Supreme Buddha. Then, said Upaka, you profess to be the Jina, and
Gotama replied that he did, "Tasma 'ham Upaka jinoti." (Mahavag. I. 6.
10.)]

[Footnote 263: The exact period is 100 billion sagaras of years. A
sagara is 100,000,000,000 palyas. A palya is the period in which a well
a mile deep filled with fine hairs can be emptied if one hair is
withdrawn every hundred years.]

[Footnote 264: See M. Bloomfield, _Life and Stories of Parcvanatha_
(1919).]

[Footnote 265: See the discussions between followers of Parsva and
Mahavira given in Uttaradhyayana XXIV. and Sutrakritanga II. 7.]

[Footnote 266: There are many references to the Niganthas in the
Buddhist scriptures and the Buddha, while by no means accepting their
views, tr