_Old Celtic Romances_), and is a specimen of the old
heroic sagas of elopement, a list of which is given in the _Book of
Leinster_. The "outcast child" is a frequent episode in folk and
hero-tales: an instance occurs in my _English Fairy Tales_, No. xxxv.,
and Prof. Koehler gives many others in _Archiv. f. Slav. Philologie_, i.
288. Mr. Nutt adds tenth century Celtic parallels in _Folk-Lore_, vol.
ii. The wooing of hero by heroine is a characteristic Celtic touch. See
"Connla" here, and other examples given by Mr. Nutt in his notes to
MacInnes' _Tales_. The trees growing from the lovers' graves occurs in
the English ballad of _Lord Lovel_ and has been studied in _Melusine_.

_Remarks_.--The "Story of Deirdre" is a remarkable instance of the
tenacity of oral tradition among the Celts. It has been preserved in no
less than five versions (or six, including Macpherson's "Darthula")
ranging from the twelfth to the nineteenth century. The earliest is in
the twelfth century, _Book of Leinster_, to be dated about 1140 (edited
in facsimile under the auspices of the Royal Irish Academy, i. 147,
_seq._). Then comes a fifteenth century version, edited and translated
by Dr. Stokes in Windisch's _Irische Texte_ II., ii. 109, _seq._,
"Death of the Sons of Uisnech." Keating in his _History of Ireland_
gave another version in the seventeenth century. The Dublin Gaelic
Society published an eighteenth century version in their _Transactions_
for 1808. And lastly we have the version before us, collected only a
few years ago, yet agreeing in all essential details with the version
of the _Book of Leinster_. Such a record is unique in the history of
oral tradition, outside Ireland, where, however, it is quite a
customary experience in the study of the Finn-saga. It is now
recognised that Macpherson had, or could have had, ample material for
his _rechauffe_ of the Finn or "Fingal" saga. His "Darthula" is a
similar cobbling of our present story. I leave to Celtic specialists
the task of settling the exact relations of these various texts. I
content myself with pointing out the fact that in these latter days of
a seemingly prosaic century in these British Isles there has been
collected from the lips of the folk a heroic story like this of
"Deirdre," full of romantic incidents, told with tender feeling and
considerable literary skill. No other country in Europe, except perhaps
Russia, could provide a parallel to this living on of Romance among the