tions of State liquor laws, "it ceased to
be enforceable at the date of repeal"; for with the lapse of the unusual
enforcement powers contained in the Eighteenth Amendment, Congress could
not, without infringing upon powers reserved to the States by the Tenth
Amendment, "impose cumulative penalties above and beyond those specified
by State law for infractions of * * * [a] State's criminal code by its
own citizens." Justice Cardozo, with whom Justices Brandeis and Stone
were associated, dissented on the ground that, on its face, the statute
levying this "tax" was "an appropriate instrument of * * * fiscal policy
* * * Classification by Congress according to the nature of the calling
affected by a tax * * * does not cease to be permissible because the
line of division between callings to be favored and those to be reproved
corresponds with a division between innocence and criminality under the
statutes of a state."--Ibid. 294, 296, 297-298. In earlier cases it was
nevertheless recognized that Congress also may tax what it forbids and
that the basic tax on distilled spirits remained valid and enforceable
during as well as after the life of the amendment--_See_ United States
_v._ Yuginovich, 256 U.S. 450, 462 (1921); United States _v._ Stafoff,
260 U.S. 477 (1923); United States _v._ Rizzo, 297 U.S. 530 (1936).

[9] United States _v._ Mack, 295 U.S. 480 (1935).

AMENDMENT 19

EQUAL SUFFRAGE

Page
Origin of the amendment 1219
Validity of adoption 1219
Effect of amendment 1219

EQUAL SUFFRAGE

Amendment 19

Clause 1. The right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall
not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on
account of sex.

Clause 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
appropriate legislation.

Origin of the Nineteenth Amendment

The adoption of this amendment is attributable in great measure to its
advocacy since 1869 by certain long term supporters of women suffrage
who had despaired of attaining their goal through modification of
individual State laws. Agitation in behalf of women suffrage was
recorded as early as the Jackson Administration, but the initial results
were meager. Beginning in 1838, Kentucky did authorize women to vote in
school elections, and