ilar form and dense population.... Going down from its outer
side into the street, we encounter five stories of descent."<4>

In order to prevent confusion, we will state that a pueblo, which is the
Spanish name for these old Indian towns, may be one of several different
types. A common form of village consists of but one or two, seldom
three, large buildings, so arranged as to surround an interior court.
Sometimes there is but one large building, which is nearly in the shape
of a half circle; instead of being really circular, it has a number of
different sides. In some cases a village consists of a number of these
large houses irregularly arranged. But the tendency is always to inclose
a square.<5>

In the modern villages the buildings forming the square do not meet, but
in some cases are connected by bridges or covered gangways, and in
some instances the houses project over the streets below, which, being
narrow, are thus given an underground appearance.<6>

Illustration of Ground Plan and End View.------------

The buildings, or communal houses, for one house contained sometimes
five hundred rooms, are generally from three to four hundred feet long
and about one hundred and fifty feet in width at the base. The lower
story is divided by cross-walls into a mass of cell-like rooms, as shown
in the illustrations which represents the ground plan of a pueblo having
four ranges of rooms. Each story in height has one less range of rooms,
so that, looking directly at the end of this building, it would present
the appearance shown by this cut: The only means of getting from one
terrace to the other is by the aid of ladders. In some cases these
terraces run from both sides of the building; in others they face the
inclosed space; and in others still they face outside. Most of the
inhabited pueblos are built of adobe--that is, sun-dried bricks. The
majority of the ancient ruins were built of stone set in adobe mortar.
With this digression, we will now return to Zuni.

Illustration of Old Zuni.------------

Ruins testifying to the former greatness of these people are scattered
around them. Three miles to the east of the present pueblo of Zuni, on
the bluff seen in the cut, are the ruins of a larger pueblo, which is
called Old Zuni. Mr. Whipple, who explored this field of ruins, thus
describes his visit: "The projecting summit of the cliffs seemed
inaccessible.... We followed a trail which, with great labor, had
been